1. Questions 1 through 11 are based on the following passage.

Shed Some Light on the Workplace

Studies have shown that employees are happier, [Q1] healthier, and more productive when they work in an environment [Q2] in which temperatures are carefully controlled. New buildings may be designed with these studies in mind, but many older buildings were not, resulting in spaces that often depend primarily on artificial lighting. While employers may balk at the expense of reconfiguring such buildings to increase the amount of natural light, the investment has been shown to be well worth it in the long run—for both employees and employers.

For one thing, lack of exposure to natural light has a significant impact on employees’ health. A study conducted in 2013 by Northwestern University in Chicago showed that inadequate natural light could result in eye strain, headaches, and fatigue, as well as interference with the body’s circadian rhythms. [Q3] Circadian rhythms, which are controlled by the [Q4] bodies biological clocks, influence body temperature, hormone release, cycles of sleep and wakefulness, and other bodily functions. Disruptions of circadian rhythms have been linked to sleep disorders, diabetes, depression, and bipolar disorder. Like any other health problems, these ailments can increase employee absenteeism, which, in turn, [Q5] is costly for employers. Employees who feel less than 100 percent and are sleep deprived are also less prone to work at their maximal productivity. One company in California [Q6] gained a huge boost in its employees’ morale when it moved from an artificially lit distribution facility to one with natural illumination.

[Q7] Artificial light sources are also costly aside from lowering worker productivity. They typically constitute anywhere from 25 to 50 percent of a building’s energy use. When a plant in Seattle, Washington, was redesigned for more natural light, the company was able to enjoy annual electricity cost reductions of $500,000 [Q8] each year.

Among the possibilities to reconfigure a building’s lighting is the installation of fullpane windows to allow the greatest degree of sunlight to reach office interiors. [Q9] Thus, businesses can install light tubes, [Q10] these are pipes placed in workplace roofs to capture and funnel sunlight down into a building’s interior. Glass walls and dividers can also be used to replace solid walls as a means [Q11] through distributing natural light more freely. Considering the enormous costs of artificial lighting, both in terms of money and productivity, investment in such improvements should be a natural choice for businesses.

Question 1.

Answer choices in context.

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A. Studies have shown that employees are happier, healthier, and more productive when they work in an environment in which temperatures are carefully controlled.

B. Studies have shown that employees are happier, healthy, and more productive when they work in an environment in which temperatures are carefully controlled.

C. Studies have shown that employees are happier, healthier, and they are productive when they work in an environment in which temperatures are carefully controlled.

D. Studies have shown that employees are happier, healthier, being more productive when they work in an environment in which temperatures are carefully controlled.

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2. Which choice provides the most appropriate introduction to the passage?

Answer choices in context.

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A. Studies have shown that employees are happier, healthier, and more productive when they work in an environment in which temperatures are carefully controlled.

B. Studies have shown that employees are happier, healthier, and more productive when they work in an environment that affords them adequate amounts of natural light.

C. Studies have shown that employees are happier, healthier, and more productive when they work in an environment that is thoroughly sealed to prevent energy loss.

D. Studies have shown that employees are happier, healthier, and more productive when they work in an environment in which they feel comfortable asking managers for special accommodations.

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3. At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence.

Workers in offices with windows sleep an average of 46 minutes more per night than workers in offices without windows.

Should the writer make this addition here?

4. Answer choices in context.

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A. Circadian rhythms, which are controlled by the bodies biological clocks, influence body temperature, hormone release, cycles of sleep and wakefulness, and other bodily functions.

B. Circadian rhythms, which are controlled by the bodies’ biological clocks’, influence body temperature, hormone release, cycles of sleep and wakefulness, and other bodily functions.

C. Circadian rhythms, which are controlled by the body’s biological clocks, influence body temperature, hormone release, cycles of sleep and wakefulness, and other bodily functions.

D. Circadian rhythms, which are controlled by the body’s biological clock’s, influence body temperature, hormone release, cycles of sleep and wakefulness, and other bodily functions.

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5. Answer choices in context.

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A. Like any other health problems, these ailments can increase employee absenteeism, which, in turn, is costly for employers.

B. Like any other health problems, these ailments can increase employee absenteeism, which, in turn, are costly for employers.

C. Like any other health problems, these ailments can increase employee absenteeism, which, in turn, is being costly for employers.

D. Like any other health problems, these ailments can increase employee absenteeism, which, in turn, have been costly for employers.

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6. Which choice best supports the statement made in the previous sentence (reproduced below for your reference)?

Employees who feel less than 100 percent and are sleep deprived are also less prone to work at their maximal productivity.

Answer choices in context.

Begin skippable content.

A. One company in California gained a huge boost in its employees’ morale when it moved from an artificially lit distribution facility to one with natural illumination.

B. One company in California saw a 5 percent increase in productivity when it moved from an artificially lit distribution facility to one with natural illumination.

C. One company in California saved a great deal on its operational costs when it moved from an artificially lit distribution facility to one with natural illumination.

D. One company in California invested large amounts of time and capital when it moved from an artificially lit distribution facility to one with natural illumination.

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7. In context, which choice best combines the underlined sentences (reproduced below for your reference)?

Artificial light sources are also costly aside from lowering worker productivity. They typically constitute anywhere from 25 to 50 percent of a building’s energy use.

8. Answer choices in context.

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A. When a plant in Seattle, Washington, was redesigned for more natural light, the company was able to enjoy annual electricity cost reductions of $500,000 each year.

B. When a plant in Seattle, Washington, was redesigned for more natural light, the company was able to enjoy annual electricity cost reductions of $500,000 every year.

C. When a plant in Seattle, Washington, was redesigned for more natural light, the company was able to enjoy annual electricity cost reductions of $500,000 per year.

D. When a plant in Seattle, Washington, was redesigned for more natural light, the company was able to enjoy annual electricity cost reductions of $500,000.

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9. Answer choices in context.

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A. Thus, businesses can install light tubes, these are pipes placed in workplace roofs to capture and funnel sunlight down into a building’s interior.

B. Nevertheless, businesses can install light tubes, these are pipes placed in workplace roofs to capture and funnel sunlight down into a building’s interior.

C. Alternatively, businesses can install light tubes, these are pipes placed in workplace roofs to capture and funnel sunlight down into a building’s interior.

D. Finally, businesses can install light tubes, these are pipes placed in workplace roofs to capture and funnel sunlight down into a building’s interior.

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10. Answer choices in context.

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A. Thus, businesses can install light tubes, these are pipes placed in workplace roofs to capture and funnel sunlight down into a building’s interior.

B. Thus, businesses can install light tubes, they are pipes placed in workplace roofs to capture and funnel sunlight down into a building’s interior.

C. Thus, businesses can install light tubes, which are pipes placed in workplace roofs to capture and funnel sunlight down into a building’s interior.

D. Thus, businesses can install light tubes, those being pipes placed in workplace roofs to capture and funnel sunlight down into a building’s interior.

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11. Answer choices in context.

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A. Glass walls and dividers can also be used to replace solid walls as a means through distributing natural light more freely.

B. Glass walls and dividers can also be used to replace solid walls as a means of distributing natural light more freely.

C. Glass walls and dividers can also be used to replace solid walls as a means from distributing natural light more freely.

D. Glass walls and dividers can also be used to replace solid walls as a means distributing natural light more freely.

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12. Questions 12 through 22 are based on the following passage.

Transforming the American West Through Food and Hospitality

Just as travelers taking road trips today may need to take a break for food at a rest area along the highway, settlers traversing the American West by train in the mid1800s often found [Q12] themselves in need of refreshment. However, food available on rail lines was generally of terrible quality. [Q13] Despite having worked for railroad companies, Fred Harvey, an Englishborn [Q14] entrepreneur. He decided to open his own restaurant business to serve rail customers. Beginning in the 1870s, he opened dozens of restaurants in rail stations and dining cars. These Harvey Houses, which constituted the first restaurant chain in the United States, [Q15] was unique for its high standards of service and quality. The menu was modeled after those of fine restaurants, so the food was leagues beyond the [Q16] sinister fare travelers were accustomed to receiving in transit.

His restaurants were immediately successful, but Harvey was not content to follow conventional business practices. [Q17] Although women did not traditionally work in restaurants in the nineteenth century, Harvey decided to try employing women as waitstaff. In 1883, he placed an advertisement seeking educated, wellmannered, articulate young women between the ages of 18 and 30. [Q18] Response to the advertisement was overwhelming, even tremendous, and Harvey soon replaced the male servers at his restaurants with women. Those who were hired as “Harvey Girls” joined an elite group of workers, who were expected to complete a 30day training program and follow a strict code of rules for conduct and curfews. In the workplace, the women donned identical blackandwhite uniforms and carried out their duties with precision. Not only were such regulations meant to ensure the efficiency of the business and the safety of the workers, [Q19] but also helped to raise people’s generally low opinion of the restaurant industry. In return for the servers’ work, the position paid quite well for the time: $17.50 a month, plus tips, meals, room and board, laundry service, and travel expenses. [Q20]

For as long as Harvey Houses served rail travelers through the midtwentieth century, working there was a steady and lucrative position for women. Living independently and demonstrating an intense work [Q21] ethic; the Harvey Girls became known as a transformative force in the American [Q22] West. Advancing the roles of women in the restaurant industry and the American workforce as a whole, the Harvey Girls raised the standards for restaurants and blazed a trail in the fastchanging landscape of the western territories.

Question 12.

Answer choices in context.

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A. Just as travelers taking road trips today may need to take a break for food at a rest area along the highway, settlers traversing the American West by train in the mid1800s often found themselves in need of refreshment.

B. Just as travelers taking road trips today may need to take a break for food at a rest area along the highway, settlers traversing the American West by train in the mid1800s often found himself or herself in need of refreshment.

C. Just as travelers taking road trips today may need to take a break for food at a rest area along the highway, settlers traversing the American West by train in the mid1800s often found their selves in need of refreshment.

D. Just as travelers taking road trips today may need to take a break for food at a rest area along the highway, settlers traversing the American West by train in the mid1800s often found oneself in need of refreshment.

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13. Which choice provides the most logical introduction to the sentence?

Answer choices in context.

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A. Despite having worked for railroad companies, Fred Harvey, an Englishborn entrepreneur.

B. He had lived in New York and New Orleans, so Fred Harvey, an Englishborn entrepreneur.

C. To capitalize on the demand for good food, Fred Harvey, an Englishborn entrepreneur.

D. Fred Harvey, an Englishborn entrepreneur.

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14. Answer choices in context.

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A. Despite having worked for railroad companies, Fred Harvey, an Englishborn entrepreneur. He decided to open his own restaurant business to serve rail customers.

B. Despite having worked for railroad companies, Fred Harvey, an Englishborn entrepreneur: decided to open his own restaurant business to serve rail customers.

C. Despite having worked for railroad companies, Fred Harvey, an Englishborn entrepreneur; he decided to open his own restaurant business to serve rail customers.

D. Despite having worked for railroad companies, Fred Harvey, an Englishborn entrepreneur, decided to open his own restaurant business to serve rail customers.

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15. Answer choices in context.

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A. These Harvey Houses, which constituted the first restaurant chain in the United States, was unique for its high standards of service and quality.

B. These Harvey Houses, which constituted the first restaurant chain in the United States, were unique for their high standards of service and quality.

C. These Harvey Houses, which constituted the first restaurant chain in the United States, was unique for their high standards of service and quality.

D. These Harvey Houses, which constituted the first restaurant chain in the United States, were unique for its high standards of service and quality.

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16. Which choice best maintains the tone established in the passage?

Answer choices in context.

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A. The menu was modeled after those of fine restaurants, so the food was leagues beyond the sinister fare travelers were accustomed to receiving in transit.

B. The menu was modeled after those of fine restaurants, so the food was leagues beyond the surly fare travelers were accustomed to receiving in transit.

C. The menu was modeled after those of fine restaurants, so the food was leagues beyond the abysmal fare travelers were accustomed to receiving in transit.

D. The menu was modeled after those of fine restaurants, so the food was leagues beyond the icky fare travelers were accustomed to receiving in transit.

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17. The writer is considering deleting the previous sentence (reproduced below for your reference). Should the writer make this change?

His restaurants were immediately successful, but Harvey was not content to follow conventional business practices.

18. Answer choices in context.

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A. Response to the advertisement was overwhelming, even tremendous, and Harvey soon replaced the male servers at his restaurants with women.

B. Response to the advertisement was overwhelming, and Harvey soon replaced the male servers at his restaurants with women.

C. Overwhelming, even tremendous, was the response to the advertisement, and Harvey soon replaced the male servers at his restaurants with women.

D. There was an overwhelming, even tremendous, response to the advertisement, and Harvey soon replaced the male servers at his restaurants with women.

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19. Answer choices in context.

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A. Not only were such regulations meant to ensure the efficiency of the business and the safety of the workers, but also helped to raise people’s generally low opinion of the restaurant industry.

B. Not only were such regulations meant to ensure the efficiency of the business and the safety of the workers, but also helping to raise people’s generally low opinion of the restaurant industry.

C. Not only were such regulations meant to ensure the efficiency of the business and the safety of the workers, also helping to raise people’s generally low opinion of the restaurant industry.

D. Not only were such regulations meant to ensure the efficiency of the business and the safety of the workers, but they also helped to raise people’s generally low opinion of the restaurant industry.

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20. Which choice most logically follows the previous sentence (reproduced below for your reference)?

In return for the servers’ work, the position paid quite well for the time: $17.50 a month, plus tips, meals, room and board, laundry service, and travel expenses.

21. Answer choices in context.

Begin skippable content.

A. Living independently and demonstrating an intense work ethic; the Harvey Girls became known as a transformative force in the American West.

B. Living independently and demonstrating an intense work ethic: the Harvey Girls became known as a transformative force in the American West.

C. Living independently and demonstrating an intense work ethic, and the Harvey Girls became known as a transformative force in the American West.

D. Living independently and demonstrating an intense work ethic, the Harvey Girls became known as a transformative force in the American West.

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22. The writer is considering revising the underlined portion of the sentence to read:

West, inspiring books, documentaries, and even a musical.

The complete revised sentence would read:

Living independently and demonstrating an intense work ethic; the Harvey Girls became known as a transformative force in the American West, inspiring books, documentaries, and even a musical.

Should the writer add this information here?

23. Questions 23 through 33 are based on the following passage and supplementary material.

How Do You Like Those Apples?

Marketed as SmartFresh, the chemical 1M C P (1methylcyclopropene) has been used by fruit growers since 2002 in the United States and elsewhere to preserve the crispness and lengthen the storage life of apples and other fruit, which often must travel long distances before being eaten by consumers. [Q23] 1M C P lengthens storage life by three to four times when applied to apples. This extended life allows producers to sell their apples in the offseason, months after the apples have been harvested. And at a cost of about one cent per pound of apples, 1M C P is a highly costeffective treatment. However, 1M C P is not a panacea for fruit producers or sellers: there are problems and limitations associated with its use.

[Sentence 1] 1M C P works by limiting a fruit’s production of ethylene, [Q24] it is a chemical that causes fruit to ripen and eventually rot. [Sentence 2] While 1M C P keeps apples [Q25] tight and crisp for months, it also limits [Q26] their scent production. [Sentence 3] This may not be much of a problem with certain kinds of apples that are not naturally very fragrant, such as Granny Smith, but for apples that are prized for their fruity fragrance, such as McIntosh, this can be a problem with consumers, [Q27] that will reject apples lacking the expected aroma. [Sentence 4] But some fruits do not respond as well to 1M C P as others [Q28] did, and some even respond adversely. [Sentence 5] Furthermore, some fruits, particularly those that naturally produce a large amount of ethylene, do not respond as well to 1M C P treatment. [Sentence 6] Take Bartlett [Q29] pears, for instance, unless they are treated with exactly the right amount of 1M C P at exactly the right time, they will remain hard and green until they rot, and consumers who experience this will be unlikely to purchase them again. [Q30]

Finally, researchers have found that 1M C P actually increases susceptibility to some pathologies in certain apple varieties. For example, Empire apples are prone to a condition that causes the flesh of the apple to turn brown. Traditionally, apple producers have dealt with this problem by leaving the apples in the open air for three weeks before storing them in a controlled atmosphere with tightly regulated temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels. As the graph shows, the flesh of untreated Empire apples that are first stored in the open air undergoes [Q31] roughly five percent less browning than the flesh of untreated Empire apples that are immediately put into storage in a controlled environment. However, when Empire apples are treated with 1M C P, [Q32] their flesh turns brown when the apples are first stored in the open air, though not under other conditions. Although researchers continue to search for the right combination of factors that will keep fruits fresh and attractive, [Q33] the problem may be that consumers are overly concerned with superficial qualities rather than the actual freshness of the fruit.

Adapted from Hannah J. James, Jacqueline F. Nock, and Chris B. Watkins, “The Failure of Postharvest Treatments to Control Firm Flesh Browning in Empire Apples.” Copyright 2010 by The New York State Horticultural Society.

Begin skippable figure description.

The figure presents a bar graph titled “Results of Treatment to Control Browning of Empire Apples.” On the horizontal axis, there are two categories regarding the control of browning of apples: apples placed immediately in controlled atmosphere, and apples placed in controlled atmosphere after three weeks in open air. For each of the two categories, there are two bars, side by side and, as the key indicates, the bar on the left represents untreated apples, and the bar on the right represents 1-M C P treated apples. The vertical axis is labeled “Percentage of flesh browning” and is labeled with the numbers, from bottom to top, 0 through 60, in increments of 10. There are horizontal grid lines at these numbers. According to the graph, the approximate percentages for the bars, from left to right, are as follows.

For apples placed immediately in controlled atmosphere: untreated, 50 percent; 1-M C P treated, 45 percent.

For apples placed in controlled atmosphere after three weeks in open air: untreated, 8 percent; 1-M C P treated, 52 percent.

End skippable figure description.

Question 23.

Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences (reproduced below for your reference)?

1M C P lengthens storage life by three to four times when applied to apples. This extended life allows producers to sell their apples in the offseason, months after the apples have been harvested.

24. Answer choices in context.

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A. 1M C P works by limiting a fruit’s production of ethylene, it is a chemical that causes fruit to ripen and eventually rot.

B. 1M C P works by limiting a fruit’s production of ethylene, being a chemical that causes fruit to ripen and eventually rot.

C. 1M C P works by limiting a fruit’s production of ethylene, that is a chemical that causes fruit to ripen and eventually rot.

D. 1M C P works by limiting a fruit’s production of ethylene, a chemical that causes fruit to ripen and eventually rot.

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25. Answer choices in context.

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A. While 1M C P keeps apples tight and crisp for months, it also limits their scent production.

B. While 1M C P keeps apples firm and crisp for months, it also limits their scent production.

C. While 1M C P keeps apples stiff and crisp for months, it also limits their scent production.

D. While 1M C P keeps apples taut and crisp for months, it also limits their scent production.

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26. Answer choices in context.

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A. While 1M C P keeps apples tight and crisp for months, it also limits their scent production.

B. While 1M C P keeps apples tight and crisp for months, it also limits there scent production.

C. While 1M C P keeps apples tight and crisp for months, it also limits its scent production.

D. While 1M C P keeps apples tight and crisp for months, it also limits it’s scent production.

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27. Answer choices in context.

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A. This may not be much of a problem with certain kinds of apples that are not naturally very fragrant, such as Granny Smith, but for apples that are prized for their fruity fragrance, such as McIntosh, this can be a problem with consumers, that will reject apples lacking the expected aroma.

B. This may not be much of a problem with certain kinds of apples that are not naturally very fragrant, such as Granny Smith, but for apples that are prized for their fruity fragrance, such as McIntosh, this can be a problem with consumers, they will reject apples lacking the expected aroma.

C. This may not be much of a problem with certain kinds of apples that are not naturally very fragrant, such as Granny Smith, but for apples that are prized for their fruity fragrance, such as McIntosh, this can be a problem with consumers, which will reject apples lacking the expected aroma.

D. This may not be much of a problem with certain kinds of apples that are not naturally very fragrant, such as Granny Smith, but for apples that are prized for their fruity fragrance, such as McIntosh, this can be a problem with consumers, who will reject apples lacking the expected aroma.

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28. Answer choices in context.

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A. But some fruits do not respond as well to 1M C P as others did, and some even respond adversely.

B. But some fruits do not respond as well to 1M C P as others do, and some even respond adversely.

C. But some fruits do not respond as well to 1M C P as others have, and some even respond adversely.

D. But some fruits do not respond as well to 1M C P as others will, and some even respond adversely.

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29. Answer choices in context.

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A. Take Bartlett pears, for instance, unless they are treated with exactly the right amount of 1M C P at exactly the right time, they will remain hard and green until they rot, and consumers who experience this will be unlikely to purchase them again.

B. Take Bartlett pears, for instance: unless they are treated with exactly the right amount of 1M C P at exactly the right time, they will remain hard and green until they rot, and consumers who experience this will be unlikely to purchase them again.

C. Take Bartlett pears for instance, unless they are treated with exactly the right amount of 1M C P at exactly the right time, they will remain hard and green until they rot, and consumers who experience this will be unlikely to purchase them again.

D. Take Bartlett pears. For instance, unless they are treated with exactly the right amount of 1M C P at exactly the right time, they will remain hard and green until they rot, and consumers who experience this will be unlikely to purchase them again.

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30. To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 4 should be placed

Answer choices in context.

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A. This may not be much of a problem with certain kinds of apples that are not naturally very fragrant, such as Granny Smith, but for apples that are prized for their fruity fragrance, such as McIntosh, this can be a problem with consumers, that will reject apples lacking the expected aroma. But some fruits do not respond as well to 1M C P as others did, and some even respond adversely. Furthermore, some fruits, particularly those that naturally produce a large amount of ethylene, do not respond as well to 1M C P treatment.

B. 1M C P works by limiting a fruit’s production of ethylene, it is a chemical that causes fruit to ripen and eventually rot. But some fruits do not respond as well to 1M C P as others did, and some even respond adversely. While 1M C P keeps apples tight and crisp for months, it also limits their scent production.

C. While 1M C P keeps apples tight and crisp for months, it also limits their scent production. But some fruits do not respond as well to 1M C P as others did, and some even respond adversely. This may not be much of a problem with certain kinds of apples that are not naturally very fragrant, such as Granny Smith, but for apples that are prized for their fruity fragrance, such as McIntosh, this can be a problem with consumers, that will reject apples lacking the expected aroma.

D. Furthermore, some fruits, particularly those that naturally produce a large amount of ethylene, do not respond as well to 1M C P treatment. But some fruits do not respond as well to 1M C P as others did, and some even respond adversely. Take Bartlett pears, for instance, unless they are treated with exactly the right amount of 1M C P at exactly the right time, they will remain hard and green until they rot, and consumers who experience this will be unlikely to purchase them again.

End skippable content.

31. Which choice offers an accurate interpretation of the data in the graph?

Answer choices in context.

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A. As the graph shows, the flesh of untreated Empire apples that are first stored in the open air undergoes roughly five percent less browning than the flesh of untreated Empire apples that are immediately put into storage in a controlled environment.

B. As the graph shows, the flesh of untreated Empire apples that are first stored in the open air undergoes slightly more browning than the flesh of untreated Empire apples that are immediately put into storage in a controlled environment.

C. As the graph shows, the flesh of untreated Empire apples that are first stored in the open air undergoes twice as much browning as the flesh of untreated Empire apples that are immediately put into storage in a controlled environment.

D. As the graph shows, the flesh of untreated Empire apples that are first stored in the open air undergoes substantially less browning than the flesh of untreated Empire apples that are immediately put into storage in a controlled environment.

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32. Which choice offers an accurate interpretation of the data in the graph?

Answer choices in context.

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A. However, when Empire apples are treated with 1M C P, their flesh turns brown when the apples are first stored in the open air, though not under other conditions.

B. However, when Empire apples are treated with 1M C P, roughly half of their flesh turns brown, regardless of whether the apples are first stored in the open air.

C. However, when Empire apples are treated with 1M C P, their flesh browns when they are put directly into a controlled atmosphere but not when they are first stored in the open air.

D. However, when Empire apples are treated with 1M C P, their flesh turns brown when they are first stored in the open air, though not as quickly as the apple flesh in an untreated group does.

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33. The writer wants a conclusion that conveys how the shortcomings of 1M C P presented in the passage affect the actions of people in the fruit industry. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

Answer choices in context.

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A. Although researchers continue to search for the right combination of factors that will keep fruits fresh and attractive, the problem may be that consumers are overly concerned with superficial qualities rather than the actual freshness of the fruit.

B. Although researchers continue to search for the right combination of factors that will keep fruits fresh and attractive, many of the improvements to fruit quality they have discovered so far have required tradeoffs in other properties of the fruit.

C. Although researchers continue to search for the right combination of factors that will keep fruits fresh and attractive, for now many fruit sellers must weigh the relative values of aroma, color, and freshness when deciding whether to use 1M C P.D. Although researchers continue to search for the right combination of factors that will keep fruits fresh and attractive, it must be acknowledged that 1M C P, despite some inadequacies, has enabled the fruit industry to ship and store fruit in ways that were impossible before.

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34. Questions 34 through 44 are based on the following passage.

More than One Way to Dress a Cat

From Michelangelo’s David to Vincent van Gogh’s series of selfportraits to Grant Wood’s iconic image of a farming couple in American [Q34] Gothic. These works by human artists have favored representations of members of their own species to those of other species. Indeed, when we think about animals depicted in wellknown works of art, the image of dogs playing poker—popularized in a series of paintings by American artist C. M. [Q35] Coolidge, may be the first and only one that comes to mind. Yet some of the earliest known works of art, including paintings and drawings tens of thousands of years old found on cave walls in Spain and France, [Q36] portrays animals. Nor has artistic homage to our fellow creatures entirely died out in the millennia since, [Q37] despite the many years that have passed between then and now.

[Sentence 1] The State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, one of Russia’s greatest art museums, has long had a productive partnership with a much loved animal: the cat. [Sentence 2] For centuries, cats have guarded this famous museum, ridding it of mice, rats, and other rodents that could damage the art, not to mention [Q38] scared off visitors. [Sentence 3] Peter the Great introduced the first cat to the Hermitage in the early eighteenth century. [Sentence 4] Later Catherine the Great declared the cats to be official guardians of the galleries. [Sentence 5] Continuing the tradition, Peter’s daughter Elizaveta introduced the best and strongest cats in Russia to the Hermitage. [Sentence 6] Today, the museum holds a yearly festival honoring these faithful workers. [Q39]

These cats are so cherished by the museum that officials recently [Q40] decreed original paintings to be made of six of them. In each, a cat is depicted upright in a humanlike pose and clothed in imperialera Russian attire. The person chosen for this [Q41] task, digital artist, Eldar Zakirov painted the cats in the style traditionally used by portrait artists, in so doing [Q42] presenting the cats as noble individuals worthy of respect. One portrait, The Hermitage Court Chamber Herald Cat, includes an aristocratic tilt of feline ears as well as a stately sweep of tail emerging from the stiff scarlet and gold of royal court dress. The wise, thoughtful green eyes of the subject of The Hermitage Court Outrunner Cat mimic those of a trusted royal advisor. [Q43] Some may find it peculiar to observe cats portrayed in formal court poses, but these felines, by [Q44] mastering the art of killing mice and rats, are benefactors of the museum as important as any human.

Question 34.

Answer choices in context.

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A. From Michelangelo’s David to Vincent van Gogh’s series of selfportraits to Grant Wood’s iconic image of a farming couple in American Gothic. These works by human artists have favored representations of members of their own species to those of other species.

B. From Michelangelo’s David to Vincent van Gogh’s series of selfportraits to Grant Wood’s iconic image of a farming couple in American Gothic. Works by human artists have favored representations of members of their own species to those of other species.

C. From Michelangelo’s David to Vincent van Gogh’s series of selfportraits to Grant Wood’s iconic image of a farming couple in American Gothic; these works by human artists have favored representations of members of their own species to those of other species.

D. From Michelangelo’s David to Vincent van Gogh’s series of selfportraits to Grant Wood’s iconic image of a farming couple in American Gothic, works by human artists have favored representations of members of their own species to those of other species.

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35. Answer choices in context.

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A. Indeed, when we think about animals depicted in wellknown works of art, the image of dogs playing poker—popularized in a series of paintings by American artist C. M. Coolidge, may be the first and only one that comes to mind.

B. Indeed, when we think about animals depicted in wellknown works of art, the image of dogs playing poker—popularized in a series of paintings by American artist C. M. Coolidge— may be the first and only one that comes to mind.

C. Indeed, when we think about animals depicted in wellknown works of art, the image of dogs playing poker—popularized in a series of paintings by American artist C. M. Coolidge; may be the first and only one that comes to mind.

D. Indeed, when we think about animals depicted in wellknown works of art, the image of dogs playing poker—popularized in a series of paintings by American artist C. M. Coolidge may be the first and only one that comes to mind.

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36. Answer choices in context.

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A. Yet some of the earliest known works of art, including paintings and drawings tens of thousands of years old found on cave walls in Spain and France, portrays animals.

B. Yet some of the earliest known works of art, including paintings and drawings tens of thousands of years old found on cave walls in Spain and France, portraying animals.

C. Yet some of the earliest known works of art, including paintings and drawings tens of thousands of years old found on cave walls in Spain and France, portray animals.

D. Yet some of the earliest known works of art, including paintings and drawings tens of thousands of years old found on cave walls in Spain and France, has portrayed animals.

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37. The writer wants to link the first paragraph with the ideas that follow. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

Answer choices in context.

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A. Nor has artistic homage to our fellow creatures entirely died out in the millennia since, despite the many years that have passed between then and now.

B. Nor has artistic homage to our fellow creatures entirely died out in the millennia since, with special attention being paid to domestic animals such as cats.

C. Nor has artistic homage to our fellow creatures entirely died out in the millennia since, even though most paintings in museums are of people, not animals.

D. Nor has artistic homage to our fellow creatures entirely died out in the millennia since, as the example of one museum in Russia shows.

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38. Answer choices in context.

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A. For centuries, cats have guarded this famous museum, ridding it of mice, rats, and other rodents that could damage the art, not to mention scared off visitors.

B. For centuries, cats have guarded this famous museum, ridding it of mice, rats, and other rodents that could damage the art, not to mention scaring off visitors.

C. For centuries, cats have guarded this famous museum, ridding it of mice, rats, and other rodents that could damage the art, not to mention scare off visitors.

D. For centuries, cats have guarded this famous museum, ridding it of mice, rats, and other rodents that could damage the art, not to mention have scared off visitors.

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39. To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 5 should be placed

Answer choices in context.

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A. Later Catherine the Great declared the cats to be official guardians of the galleries. Continuing the tradition, Peter’s daughter Elizaveta introduced the best and strongest cats in Russia to the Hermitage. Today, the museum holds a yearly festival honoring these faithful workers.

B. The State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, one of Russia’s greatest art museums, has long had a productive partnership with a much loved animal: the cat. Continuing the tradition, Peter’s daughter Elizaveta introduced the best and strongest cats in Russia to the Hermitage. For centuries, cats have guarded this famous museum, ridding it of mice, rats, and other rodents that could damage the art, not to mention scared off visitors.

C. Peter the Great introduced the first cat to the Hermitage in the early eighteenth century. Continuing the tradition, Peter’s daughter Elizaveta introduced the best and strongest cats in Russia to the Hermitage. Later Catherine the Great declared the cats to be official guardians of the galleries.

D. Today, the museum holds a yearly festival honoring these faithful workers. Continuing the tradition, Peter’s daughter Elizaveta introduced the best and strongest cats in Russia to the Hermitage.

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40. Answer choices in context.

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A. These cats are so cherished by the museum that officials recently decreed original paintings to be made of six of them.

B. These cats are so cherished by the museum that officials recently commissioned original paintings to be made of six of them.

C. These cats are so cherished by the museum that officials recently forced original paintings to be made of six of them.

D. These cats are so cherished by the museum that officials recently licensed original paintings to be made of six of them.

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41. Answer choices in context.

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A. The person chosen for this task, digital artist, Eldar Zakirov painted the cats in the style traditionally used by portrait artists, in so doing presenting the cats as noble individuals worthy of respect.

B. The person chosen for this task, digital artist, Eldar Zakirov, painted the cats in the style traditionally used by portrait artists, in so doing presenting the cats as noble individuals worthy of respect.

C. The person chosen for this task digital artist Eldar Zakirov, painted the cats in the style traditionally used by portrait artists, in so doing presenting the cats as noble individuals worthy of respect.

D. The person chosen for this task, digital artist Eldar Zakirov, painted the cats in the style traditionally used by portrait artists, in so doing presenting the cats as noble individuals worthy of respect.

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42. Answer choices in context.

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A. The person chosen for this task, digital artist, Eldar Zakirov painted the cats in the style traditionally used by portrait artists, in so doing presenting the cats as noble individuals worthy of respect.

B. The person chosen for this task, digital artist, Eldar Zakirov painted the cats in the style traditionally used by portrait artists, in so doing managing to capture unique characteristics of each cat.

C. The person chosen for this task, digital artist, Eldar Zakirov painted the cats in the style traditionally used by portrait artists, in so doing commenting on the absurdity of dressing up cats in royal robes.

D. The person chosen for this task, digital artist, Eldar Zakirov painted the cats in the style traditionally used by portrait artists, in so doing indicating that the cats were very talented mouse catchers.

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43. At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence.

The museum occupies six historic buildings, including the Winter Palace, a former residence of Russian emperors.

Should the writer make this addition here?

44. Answer choices in context.

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A. Some may find it peculiar to observe cats portrayed in formal court poses, but these felines, by mastering the art of killing mice and rats, are benefactors of the museum as important as any human.

B. Some may find it peculiar to observe cats portrayed in formal court poses, but these felines, by acting as the lead predator in the museum’s ecosystem, are benefactors of the museum as important as any human.

C. Some may find it peculiar to observe cats portrayed in formal court poses, but these felines, by hunting down and killing all the mice and rats one by one, are benefactors of the museum as important as any human.

D. Some may find it peculiar to observe cats portrayed in formal court poses, but these felines, by protecting the museum’s priceless artworks from destructive rodents, are benefactors of the museum as important as any human.

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