1. Questions 1 through 11 are based on the following passage.

Prehistoric Printing

Paleontologists are using modern technology to gain a greater understanding of the distant past. With the aid of computed tomography (C T) scanning and 3D printing, researchers are able to create accurate models of prehistoric fossils. [Q1] These models have expanded researchers’ knowledge of ancient species and [Q2] swear to advance the field of paleontology in the years to come.

C T scanners use Xrays to map the surface of a fossil in minute detail, recording as many as one million data points to create a digital blueprint. A 3D printer then builds a polymer model based on this blueprint, much as a regular computer printer reproduces digital documents on paper. [Q3] Whereas the head of an ordinary computer printer moves back and forth while printing ink onto paper, the corresponding part of a 3D printer moves in multiple dimensions while squirting out thin layers of melted polymer plastic. The plastic hardens quickly, [Q4] it allows the printer to build the layers of the final model. Compared with older ways of modeling fossils, scanning and printing in this way is extremely versatile.

One significant benefit of 3D printing technology is its ability to create scale reproductions of fossils. But now 3D scale models can be rearranged with ease, which is a huge boon to scientists. A team led by Drexel University professor Kenneth Lacovara is making models of dinosaur bones onetenth the bones’ original sizes [Q5] in order to learn how they fit together when the animals were alive. In the past, such research was limited by the weight and bulk of the fossils as well as [Q6] its preciousness and fragility. In many cases, scientists had to rearrange bones virtually, using artists’ renderings. [Q7]

Because C T scanners can map objects that are impossible to excavate, C T scanning and 3D printing can also be used to reproduce fossils that scientists cannot observe firsthand. [Q8] By contrast, researchers from the National Museum of Brazil [Q9] has relied on this technique to study a fossilized skeleton that was discovered protruding from a rock at an old São Paulo railroad site. [Q10] The fossil was too delicate to be removed from the rock. Because of the fossil’s delicate nature, the team dug up a block of stone around the fossil and brought it to their lab. With the aid of a C T scanner and a 3D printer, they were able to produce a resin model of the fossil. Examining the model, the researchers determined that [Q11] one had found a new species, a 75millionyearold crocodile. While not every discovery will be as dramatic as this one, paleontologists anticipate further expanding their knowledge of ancient lifeforms as C T scanning and 3D printing continue to make fossils more accessible.

Question 1.

At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence.

Fossils provide paleontologists with a convenient way of estimating the age of the rock in which the fossils are found.

Should the writer make this addition here?

2. Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. These models have expanded researchers’ knowledge of ancient species and swear to advance the field of paleontology in the years to come.

B. These models have expanded researchers’ knowledge of ancient species and subscribe to advance the field of paleontology in the years to come.

C. These models have expanded researchers’ knowledge of ancient species and vow to advance the field of paleontology in the years to come.

D. These models have expanded researchers’ knowledge of ancient species and promise to advance the field of paleontology in the years to come.

End skippable content.

3. The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence.

The underlined sentence is as follows:

Whereas the head of an ordinary computer printer moves back and forth while printing ink onto paper, the corresponding part of a 3D printer moves in multiple dimensions while squirting out thin layers of melted polymer plastic.

Should the sentence be kept or deleted?

4. Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. The plastic hardens quickly, it allows the printer to build the layers of the final model.

B. The plastic hardens quickly, this allows the printer to build the layers of the final model.

C. The plastic hardens quickly, which allows the printer to build the layers of the final model.

D. The plastic hardens quickly, that allows the printer to build the layers of the final model.

End skippable content.

5. Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. A team led by Drexel University professor Kenneth Lacovara is making models of dinosaur bones onetenth the bones’ original sizes in order to learn how they fit together when the animals were alive.

B. A team led by Drexel University professor Kenneth Lacovara is making models of dinosaur bones onetenth the bones’ original sizes in order for learning how they fit together when the animals were alive.

C. A team led by Drexel University professor Kenneth Lacovara is making models of dinosaur bones onetenth the bones’ original sizes so that one is learning how they fit together when the animals were alive.

D. A team led by Drexel University professor Kenneth Lacovara is making models of dinosaur bones onetenth the bones’ original sizes so to learn how they fit together when the animals were alive.

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6. Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. In the past, such research was limited by the weight and bulk of the fossils as well as its preciousness and fragility.

B. In the past, such research was limited by the weight and bulk of the fossils as well as it’s preciousness and fragility.

C. In the past, such research was limited by the weight and bulk of the fossils as well as their preciousness and fragility.

D. In the past, such research was limited by the weight and bulk of the fossils as well as there preciousness and fragility.

End skippable content.

7. To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 2 should be placed

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. One significant benefit of 3D printing technology is its ability to create scale reproductions of fossils. But now 3D scale models can be rearranged with ease, which is a huge boon to scientists. A team led by Drexel University professor Kenneth Lacovara is making models of dinosaur bones onetenth the bones’ original sizes in order to learn how they fit together when the animals were alive. In the past, such research was limited by the weight and bulk of the fossils as well as its preciousness and fragility. In many cases, scientists had to rearrange bones virtually, using artists’ renderings.

B. But now 3D scale models can be rearranged with ease, which is a huge boon to scientists. One significant benefit of 3D printing technology is its ability to create scale reproductions of fossils. A team led by Drexel University professor Kenneth Lacovara is making models of dinosaur bones onetenth the bones’ original sizes in order to learn how they fit together when the animals were alive. In the past, such research was limited by the weight and bulk of the fossils as well as its preciousness and fragility. In many cases, scientists had to rearrange bones virtually, using artists’ renderings.

C. One significant benefit of 3D printing technology is its ability to create scale reproductions of fossils. A team led by Drexel University professor Kenneth Lacovara is making models of dinosaur bones onetenth the bones’ original sizes in order to learn how they fit together when the animals were alive. In the past, such research was limited by the weight and bulk of the fossils as well as its preciousness and fragility. But now 3D scale models can be rearranged with ease, which is a huge boon to scientists. In many cases, scientists had to rearrange bones virtually, using artists’ renderings.

D. One significant benefit of 3D printing technology is its ability to create scale reproductions of fossils. A team led by Drexel University professor Kenneth Lacovara is making models of dinosaur bones onetenth the bones’ original sizes in order to learn how they fit together when the animals were alive. In the past, such research was limited by the weight and bulk of the fossils as well as its preciousness and fragility. In many cases, scientists had to rearrange bones virtually, using artists’ renderings. But now 3D scale models can be rearranged with ease, which is a huge boon to scientists.

End skippable content.

8. Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Because C T scanners can map objects that are impossible to excavate, C T scanning and 3D printing can also be used to reproduce fossils that scientists cannot observe firsthand. By contrast, researchers from the National Museum of Brazil has relied on this technique to study a fossilized skeleton that was discovered protruding from a rock at an old São Paulo railroad site.

B. Because C T scanners can map objects that are impossible to excavate, C T scanning and 3D printing can also be used to reproduce fossils that scientists cannot observe firsthand. Nonetheless, researchers from the National Museum of Brazil has relied on this technique to study a fossilized skeleton that was discovered protruding from a rock at an old São Paulo railroad site.

C. Because C T scanners can map objects that are impossible to excavate, C T scanning and 3D printing can also be used to reproduce fossils that scientists cannot observe firsthand. Besides, researchers from the National Museum of Brazil has relied on this technique to study a fossilized skeleton that was discovered protruding from a rock at an old São Paulo railroad site.

D. Because C T scanners can map objects that are impossible to excavate, C T scanning and 3D printing can also be used to reproduce fossils that scientists cannot observe firsthand. For example, researchers from the National Museum of Brazil has relied on this technique to study a fossilized skeleton that was discovered protruding from a rock at an old São Paulo railroad site.

End skippable content.

9. Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. By contrast, researchers from the National Museum of Brazil has relied on this technique to study a fossilized skeleton that was discovered protruding from a rock at an old São Paulo railroad site.

B. By contrast, researchers from the National Museum of Brazil relied on this technique to study a fossilized skeleton that was discovered protruding from a rock at an old São Paulo railroad site.

C. By contrast, researchers from the National Museum of Brazil will rely on this technique to study a fossilized skeleton that was discovered protruding from a rock at an old São Paulo railroad site.

D. By contrast, researchers from the National Museum of Brazil is relying on this technique to study a fossilized skeleton that was discovered protruding from a rock at an old São Paulo railroad site.

End skippable content.

10. Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences?

The underlined sentences are as follows:

The fossil was too delicate to be removed from the rock. Because of the fossil’s delicate nature, the team dug up a block of stone around the fossil and brought it to their lab.

11. Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Examining the model, the researchers determined that one had found a new species, a 75millionyearold crocodile.

B. Examining the model, the researchers determined that he or she had found a new species, a 75millionyearold crocodile.

C. Examining the model, the researchers determined that they had found a new species, a 75millionyearold crocodile.

D. Examining the model, the researchers determined that it had found a new species, a 75millionyearold crocodile.

End skippable content.

12. Questions 12 through 22 are based on the following passage.

Thomas Nast, the Crusading Cartoonist

“Stop them pictures!” Legend has it that the corrupt politician William “Boss” Tweed once used those words when ordering someone to offer a bribe to Thomas Nast, an artist who had become famous for cartoons that called for reforms to end corruption. [Q12] As a result, Tweed’s attempt to silence the artist failed, and Nast’s cartoons, published in magazines like Harper’s Weekly, actually played a key role in bringing Boss Tweed and his cronies to justice.

[Q13] There were powerful political organizations in the eighteen sixties and the eighteen seventies. The organizations were known as “political machines” and started taking control of city governments. These political machines were able to pack legislatures and courts with handpicked supporters by purchasing [Q14] votes, a form of election fraud involving the exchange of money or favors for votes. Once a political machine had control of enough important positions, its members were able to use public funds to enrich themselves and their friends. Boss Tweed’s Tammany Hall group, which controlled New York [Q15] City in the eighteen sixties—stole more than $30 million, the equivalent of more than $365 million today. [Q16] Tweed had been elected to a single twoyear term in Congress in 1852. Tammany Hall was so powerful and [Q17] corrupt that, the New York Times, commented “There is absolutely nothing . . . in the city which is beyond the reach of the insatiable gang.”

Given the extent of Tweed’s power, it is remarkable that a single cartoonist could have played such a significant role in bringing about his downfall. Nast’s cartoons depicted Tweed as a great big bloated thief. One of the artist’s most [Q18] famous images showed Tweed with a bag of money in place of his [Q19] head. Another featured Tweed leaning against a ballot box with the caption “As long as I count the votes, what are you going to do about it?” These cartoons were so effective in part because many of the citizens who supported Tweed were illiterate and thus could not read the newspaper accounts of his criminal activities. Nast’s cartoons, though, widely exposed the public to the injustice of Tweed’s political machine.

Nast’s campaign to bring down Tweed and the Tammany Hall gang was ultimately successful. In the elections of 1871, the public voted against most of the Tammany Hall candidates, greatly weakening Tweed’s power. Eventually, Tweed and his gang were [Q20] persecuted for a number of charges, including fraud and larceny, and many of them were sent to jail. In 1875 Tweed escaped from jail and fled to Spain and unwittingly [Q21] brought about one final [Q22] pinnacle for the power of political cartoons: A Spanish police officer recognized Tweed from one of Nast’s cartoons. Consequently, Tweed was sent back to jail, and Nast was hailed as the man who toppled the great Tammany Hall machine.

Question 12.

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Legend has it that the corrupt politician William “Boss” Tweed once used those words when ordering someone to offer a bribe to Thomas Nast, an artist who had become famous for cartoons that called for reforms to end corruption. As a result, Tweed’s attempt to silence the artist failed, and Nast’s cartoons, published in magazines like Harper’s Weekly, actually played a key role in bringing Boss Tweed and his cronies to justice.

B. Legend has it that the corrupt politician William “Boss” Tweed once used those words when ordering someone to offer a bribe to Thomas Nast, an artist who had become famous for cartoons that called for reforms to end corruption. Therefore, Tweed’s attempt to silence the artist failed, and Nast’s cartoons, published in magazines like Harper’s Weekly, actually played a key role in bringing Boss Tweed and his cronies to justice.

C. Legend has it that the corrupt politician William “Boss” Tweed once used those words when ordering someone to offer a bribe to Thomas Nast, an artist who had become famous for cartoons that called for reforms to end corruption. Furthermore, Tweed’s attempt to silence the artist failed, and Nast’s cartoons, published in magazines like Harper’s Weekly, actually played a key role in bringing Boss Tweed and his cronies to justice.

D. Legend has it that the corrupt politician William “Boss” Tweed once used those words when ordering someone to offer a bribe to Thomas Nast, an artist who had become famous for cartoons that called for reforms to end corruption. Tweed’s attempt to silence the artist failed, and Nast’s cartoons, published in magazines like Harper’s Weekly, actually played a key role in bringing Boss Tweed and his cronies to justice.

End skippable content.

13. Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences?

The underlined sentences are as follows:

There were powerful political organizations in the eighteen sixties and the eighteen seventies. The organizations were known as “political machines” and started taking control of city governments.

14. Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. These political machines were able to pack legislatures and courts with handpicked supporters by purchasing votes, a form of election fraud involving the exchange of money or favors for votes.

B. These political machines were able to pack legislatures and courts with handpicked supporters by purchasing votes, being a form of election fraud involving the exchange of money or favors for votes.

C. These political machines were able to pack legislatures and courts with handpicked supporters by purchasing votes, that is a form of election fraud involving the exchange of money or favors for votes.

D. These political machines were able to pack legislatures and courts with handpicked supporters by purchasing votes, which it is a form of election fraud involving the exchange of money or favors for votes.

End skippable content

15. Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Boss Tweed’s Tammany Hall group, which controlled New York City in the eighteen sixties—stole more than $30 million, the equivalent of more than $365 million today.

B. Boss Tweed’s Tammany Hall group, which controlled New York City in the eighteen sixties, stole more than $30 million, the equivalent of more than $365 million today.

C. Boss Tweed’s Tammany Hall group, which controlled New York City, in the eighteen sixties, stole more than $30 million, the equivalent of more than $365 million today.

D. Boss Tweed’s Tammany Hall group, which controlled New York City in the eighteen sixties stole more than $30 million, the equivalent of more than $365 million today.

End skippable content.

16. The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence.

The underlined sentence is as follows:

Tweed had been elected to a single twoyear term in Congress in 1852.

Should the sentence be kept or deleted?

17. Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Tammany Hall was so powerful and corrupt that, the New York Times, commented “There is absolutely nothing . . . in the city which is beyond the reach of the insatiable gang.”

B. Tammany Hall was so powerful and corrupt, that the New York Times commented, “There is absolutely nothing . . . in the city which is beyond the reach of the insatiable gang.”

C. Tammany Hall was so powerful and corrupt that the New York Times commented, “There is absolutely nothing . . . in the city which is beyond the reach of the insatiable gang.”

D. Tammany Hall was so powerful and corrupt that the New York Times, commented “There is absolutely nothing . . . in the city which is beyond the reach of the insatiable gang.”

End skippable content.

18. Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. One of the artist’s most famous images showed Tweed with a bag of money in place of his head.

B. One of the artist’s most famous and wellknown images showed Tweed with a bag of money in place of his head.

C. One of the artist’s most famous and commonly known images showed Tweed with a bag of money in place of his head.

D. One of the artist’s most famous, commonly known images showed Tweed with a bag of money in place of his head.

End skippable content.

19. Which choice adds the most relevant supporting information to the paragraph?

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. One of the artist’s most famous images showed Tweed with a bag of money in place of his head; like many other Nast cartoons, that one was published in Harper’s Weekly.

B. One of the artist’s most famous images showed Tweed with a bag of money in place of his head; Nast would later illustrate Tweed’s escape from prison.

C. One of the artist’s most famous images showed Tweed with a bag of money in place of his head, one depiction that omits Tweed’s signature hat.

D. One of the artist’s most famous images showed Tweed with a bag of money in place of his head, an image that perfectly captured Tweed’s greedy nature.

End skippable content.

20. Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Eventually, Tweed and his gang were persecuted for a number of charges, including fraud and larceny, and many of them were sent to jail.

B. Eventually, Tweed and his gang were persecuted on a number of charges, including fraud and larceny, and many of them were sent to jail.

C. Eventually, Tweed and his gang were persecuted with a number of charges, including fraud and larceny, and many of them were sent to jail.

D. Eventually, Tweed and his gang were prosecuted on a number of charges, including fraud and larceny, and many of them were sent to jail.

End skippable content.

21. Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. In 1875 Tweed escaped from jail and fled to Spain and unwittingly brought about one final pinnacle for the power of political cartoons: A Spanish police officer recognized Tweed from one of Nast’s cartoons.

B. In 1875 Tweed escaped from jail and fled to Spain and unwittingly bringing about one final pinnacle for the power of political cartoons: A Spanish police officer recognized Tweed from one of Nast’s cartoons.

C. In 1875 Tweed escaped from jail and fled to Spain and unwittingly brings about one final pinnacle for the power of political cartoons: A Spanish police officer recognized Tweed from one of Nast’s cartoons.

D. In 1875 Tweed escaped from jail and fled to Spain and unwittingly has brought about one final pinnacle for the power of political cartoons: A Spanish police officer recognized Tweed from one of Nast’s cartoons.

End skippable content.

22. Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. In 1875 Tweed escaped from jail and fled to Spain and unwittingly brought about one final pinnacle for the power of political cartoons: A Spanish police officer recognized Tweed from one of Nast’s cartoons.

B. In 1875 Tweed escaped from jail and fled to Spain and unwittingly brought about one final triumph for the power of political cartoons: A Spanish police officer recognized Tweed from one of Nast’s cartoons.

C. In 1875 Tweed escaped from jail and fled to Spain and unwittingly brought about one final culmination for the power of political cartoons: A Spanish police officer recognized Tweed from one of Nast’s cartoons.

D. In 1875 Tweed escaped from jail and fled to Spain and unwittingly brought about one final apex for the power of political cartoons: A Spanish police officer recognized Tweed from one of Nast’s cartoons.

End skippable content.

23. Questions 23 through 33 are based on the following passage and supplementary material.

Rethinking Crowdfunding in the Arts

Crowdfunding is a popular way to raise money using the Internet. The process sounds simple: an artist, entrepreneur, or other innovator takes his or her ideas straight to the public via a crowdfunding website. The innovator creates a video about the project and offers, in exchange for donations, a series of “perks,” from acknowledgment on a social media site to a small piece of art. Many crowdfunding programs are allornothing; in other words, the innovator must garner 100 percent funding for the project or the money is refunded to the donors. At [Q23] it’s best, the system can give creators direct access to millions of potential backers.

The home page of one leading crowdfunding site features a project to manufacture pinhole cameras on a 3D printer. [Q24] The idea is obviously very attractive. An obscure method of photography may be made available to many with little expense. Within weeks, the project was 621 percent funded. In contrast, on the same page, a small Brooklyn performance venue is attempting to raise money for its current season. The venue features works of performance art showcased in a storefront window. Those who have seen the space consider it vital. [Q25] However, that group may not be large enough; with just fourteen days to go in the fundraising period, the campaign is only 46 percent funded.

Artists such as these Brooklyn performers find that crowdfunding exacerbates problems that already exist. [Q26] Work, that is easily understood and appreciated, is supported, while more complex work goes unnoticed. [Q27] Time that could be used creating art is spent devising clever perks to draw the attention of potential contributors. [Q28] In addition, audiences may contain many “free [Q29] riders,” they did not make contributions. Ironically, the success of crowdfunding may weaken overall funding for the arts if people begin to feel that paying for the art [Q30] loved by them is someone else’s responsibility.

One innovative playwright has woven the deficiencies of the system into her crowdfunding model. Though the price for her tickets was higher than that of tickets for comparable shows, it was still affordable to most theatergoers—and reflected the real cost of the performance. She presented the total cost for producing her play on a crowdfunding site. Then she divided the total cost by the number of people she expected to attend the performance. The result of the calculation was the minimum donor price, and only donors who paid at least the minimum ticket price were allowed to attend the performance. By subverting the presumption that money used for her project is an altruistic donation, the playwright showed that [Q31] our work has monetary value to those who enjoy it. [Q32]

Note: The following figures supplement this passage.

 Adapted from “These Were the Most Successful Projects on Kickstarter Last Year.” ©2013 by The Economist Newspaper Limited.

Question 33 asks about the graphs.

Begin skippable figure description.

The figure presents three horizontal bar graphs titled “Crowdfunded Projects on Kickstarter in 2012.” For the first bar graph, the horizontal axis is labeled “Money raised, in millions of dollars,” and the numbers 0 through 100, in increments of 25, are indicated. There are 8 bars representing different project categories. From top to bottom, the data represented by each of the bars are as follows. Note that all values are approximate.

Games, $82 million

Publishing, $15 million

Food, $13 million

Art, $12 million

Theater, $8 million

Fashion, $7 million

Photography, $3 million

Dance, $2 million

For the second bar graph, the horizontal axis is labeled “Average pledge, in dollars,” and the numbers 0 through 100, in increments of 25, are indicated. There are 8 bars representing different project categories. From top to bottom, the data represented by each of the bars are as follows. Note that all values are approximate.

Food, $80

Fashion, $77

Dance, $75

Theater, $74

Photography, $71

Art, $68

Games, $62

Publishing, $59

For the third bar graph, the horizontal axis is labeled “Success rate, in percent of fully funded projects,” and the numbers 0 through 100, in increments of 25, are indicated. There are 8 bars representing different project categories. From top to bottom, the data represented by each of the bars are as follows. Note that all values are approximate.

Dance, 77%

Theater, 68%

Art, 48%

Food, 36%

Photography, 33%

Games, 30%

Publishing, 27%

Fashion, 25%

End skippable figure description.

Question 23.

Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. At it’s best, the system can give creators direct access to millions of potential backers.

B. At its best, the system can give creators direct access to millions of potential backers.

C. At its’ best, the system can give creators direct access to millions of potential backers.

D. At their best, the system can give creators direct access to millions of potential backers.

End skippable content.

24. Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences?

The underlined sentences are as follows:

The idea is obviously very attractive. An obscure method of photography may be made available to many with little expense.

25. Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Those who have seen the space consider it vital. However, that group may not be large enough; with just fourteen days to go in the fundraising period, the campaign is only 46 percent funded.

B. Those who have seen the space consider it vital. Therefore, that group may not be large enough; with just fourteen days to go in the fundraising period, the campaign is only 46 percent funded.

C. Those who have seen the space consider it vital. In effect, that group may not be large enough; with just fourteen days to go in the fundraising period, the campaign is only 46 percent funded.

D. Those who have seen the space consider it vital. As a rule, that group may not be large enough; with just fourteen days to go in the fundraising period, the campaign is only 46 percent funded.

End skippable content.

26. Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Artists such as these Brooklyn performers find that crowdfunding exacerbates problems that already exist. Work, that is easily understood and appreciated, is supported, while more complex work goes unnoticed.

B. Artists such as these Brooklyn performers find that crowdfunding exacerbates problems that already exist. Work that is easily understood and appreciated is supported, while more complex work goes unnoticed.

C. Artists such as these Brooklyn performers find that crowdfunding exacerbates problems that already exist. Work that is easily understood, and appreciated is supported while more complex work goes unnoticed.

D. Artists such as these Brooklyn performers find that crowdfunding exacerbates problems that already exist. Work—that is easily understood and appreciated—is supported, while more complex work goes unnoticed.

End skippable content.

27. At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence.

Crowdfunding tends to attract contributors from a wide variety of professional fields.

Should the writer make this addition here?

28. Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Time that could be used creating art is spent devising clever perks to draw the attention of potential contributors. In addition, audiences may contain many “free riders,” they did not make contributions.

B. Time that could be used creating art is spent devising clever perks to draw the attention of potential contributors. Conversely, audiences may contain many “free riders,” they did not make contributions.

C. Time that could be used creating art is spent devising clever perks to draw the attention of potential contributors. However, audiences may contain many “free riders,” they did not make contributions.

D. Time that could be used creating art is spent devising clever perks to draw the attention of potential contributors. Thus, audiences may contain many “free riders,” they did not make contributions.

End skippable content.

29. Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Time that could be used creating art is spent devising clever perks to draw the attention of potential contributors. In addition, audiences may contain many “free riders,” they did not make contributions.

B. Time that could be used creating art is spent devising clever perks to draw the attention of potential contributors. In addition, audiences may contain many “free riders,” not making contributions.

C. Time that could be used creating art is spent devising clever perks to draw the attention of potential contributors. In addition, audiences may contain many “free riders,” who did not make contributions.

D. Time that could be used creating art is spent devising clever perks to draw the attention of potential contributors. In addition, audiences may contain many “free riders” to not make contributions.

End skippable content.

30. Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. Ironically, the success of crowdfunding may weaken overall funding for the arts if people begin to feel that paying for the art loved by them is someone else’s responsibility.

B. Ironically, the success of crowdfunding may weaken overall funding for the arts if people begin to feel that paying for the art they love is someone else’s responsibility.

C. Ironically, the success of crowdfunding may weaken overall funding for the arts if people begin to feel that paying for the art loved by him or her is someone else’s responsibility.

D. Ironically, the success of crowdfunding may weaken overall funding for the arts if people begin to feel that paying for the art he or she loves is someone else’s responsibility.

End skippable content.

31. Answer choices in context:

Begin skippable content.

A. By subverting the presumption that money used for her project is an altruistic donation, the playwright showed that our work has monetary value to those who enjoy it.

B. By subverting the presumption that money used for her project is an altruistic donation, the playwright showed that their work has monetary value to those who enjoy it.

C. By subverting the presumption that money used for her project is an altruistic donation, the playwright showed that her work has monetary value to those who enjoy it.

D. By subverting the presumption that money used for her project is an altruistic donation, the playwright showed that its work has monetary value to those who enjoy it.

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32. To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 2 should be placed

Answer choices in context:

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A. One innovative playwright has woven the deficiencies of the system into her crowdfunding model. Though the price for her tickets was higher than that of tickets for comparable shows, it was still affordable to most theatergoers—and reflected the real cost of the performance. She presented the total cost for producing her play on a crowdfunding site. Then she divided the total cost by the number of people she expected to attend the performance. The result of the calculation was the minimum donor price, and only donors who paid at least the minimum ticket price were allowed to attend the performance. By subverting the presumption that money used for her project is an altruistic donation, the playwright showed that our work has monetary value to those who enjoy it.

B. One innovative playwright has woven the deficiencies of the system into her crowdfunding model. She presented the total cost for producing her play on a crowdfunding site. Though the price for her tickets was higher than that of tickets for comparable shows, it was still affordable to most theatergoers—and reflected the real cost of the performance. Then she divided the total cost by the number of people she expected to attend the performance. The result of the calculation was the minimum donor price, and only donors who paid at least the minimum ticket price were allowed to attend the performance. By subverting the presumption that money used for her project is an altruistic donation, the playwright showed that our work has monetary value to those who enjoy it.

C. One innovative playwright has woven the deficiencies of the system into her crowdfunding model. She presented the total cost for producing her play on a crowdfunding site. Then she divided the total cost by the number of people she expected to attend the performance. Though the price for her tickets was higher than that of tickets for comparable shows, it was still affordable to most theatergoers—and reflected the real cost of the performance. The result of the calculation was the minimum donor price, and only donors who paid at least the minimum ticket price were allowed to attend the performance. By subverting the presumption that money used for her project is an altruistic donation, the playwright showed that our work has monetary value to those who enjoy it.

D. One innovative playwright has woven the deficiencies of the system into her crowdfunding model. She presented the total cost for producing her play on a crowdfunding site. Then she divided the total cost by the number of people she expected to attend the performance. The result of the calculation was the minimum donor price, and only donors who paid at least the minimum ticket price were allowed to attend the performance. Though the price for her tickets was higher than that of tickets for comparable shows, it was still affordable to most theatergoers—and reflected the real cost of the performance. By subverting the presumption that money used for her project is an altruistic donation, the playwright showed that our work has monetary value to those who enjoy it.

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33. Which choice offers an accurate interpretation of the data in the graphs?

34. Questions 34 through 44 are based on the following passage.

Investigative Journalism: An Evolving American Tradition

The recent precipitous decline of print journalism as a viable profession has exacerbated longheld concerns about the state of investigative reporting in the United States. Facing lower print circulation and diminished advertising revenue, many major newspapers have reduced or eliminated investigative resources. Newspapers, the traditional nurturing ground for investigative journalism, have been hit especially hard by the widespread availability of free news online. To survive, investigative journalism must continue to adapt to the digital age. [Q34]

It is not difficult to understand why a cashstrapped, understaffed publication might feel pressure to cut teams of investigative [Q35] reporter’s—their work is expensive and timeconsuming. [Q36] Taking on the public interest, investigative journalism involves original, often longform reporting on such topics as [Q37] illegal activities, street crime, corporate wrongdoing, and political corruption. An investigative story involves one or more experienced journalists dedicating their full energy and the resources of the publisher to a piece for a prolonged period of time. Expensive legal battles may ensue. The results of this work, though costly, have helped keep those in power accountable. The exposure by Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein of government misconduct in the Watergate scandal resulted in the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974. More recently, Seymour Hersh, reporting for the New Yorker in 2004, helped publicize the mistreatment of Iraqi prisoners by U S personnel at Abu Ghraib during the Iraq War. [Q38] In these and other cases, exposure from reporters has served as an important [Q39] blockade to or scolding of malfeasance.

While worrisome, the decline of traditional print media [Q40] could not entail the end of investigative journalism. [Q41] Although many newsrooms have reduced their staff, some still employ investigative reporters. Nonprofit [Q42] enterprises such as the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project have begun to fill the void created by staff losses at newspapers and magazines. Enterprising freelance reporters, newly funded by nonprofits, make extensive use of social media, including blogs and Twitter, to foster a public conversation about key issues. The Help Me Investigate project, [Q43] for example, solicited readers to submit tips and information related to ongoing stories to its website. Far from marking the end of investigative journalism, [Q44] cooperation among journalists and ordinary citizens has been facilitated by the advent of the digital age through an increase in the number of potential investigators.

Question 34.

For the sake of the logic and cohesion of the paragraph, sentence 3 should be

Answer choices in context:

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A. The recent precipitous decline of print journalism as a viable profession has exacerbated longheld concerns about the state of investigative reporting in the United States. Facing lower print circulation and diminished advertising revenue, many major newspapers have reduced or eliminated investigative resources. Newspapers, the traditional nurturing ground for investigative journalism, have been hit especially hard by the widespread availability of free news online. To survive, investigative journalism must continue to adapt to the digital age.

B. Newspapers, the traditional nurturing ground for investigative journalism, have been hit especially hard by the widespread availability of free news online. The recent precipitous decline of print journalism as a viable profession has exacerbated longheld concerns about the state of investigative reporting in the United States. Facing lower print circulation and diminished advertising revenue, many major newspapers have reduced or eliminated investigative resources. To survive, investigative journalism must continue to adapt to the digital age.

C. The recent precipitous decline of print journalism as a viable profession has exacerbated longheld concerns about the state of investigative reporting in the United States. Newspapers, the traditional nurturing ground for investigative journalism, have been hit especially hard by the widespread availability of free news online. Facing lower print circulation and diminished advertising revenue, many major newspapers have reduced or eliminated investigative resources. To survive, investigative journalism must continue to adapt to the digital age.

D. The recent precipitous decline of print journalism as a viable profession has exacerbated longheld concerns about the state of investigative reporting in the United States. Facing lower print circulation and diminished advertising revenue, many major newspapers have reduced or eliminated investigative resources. To survive, investigative journalism must continue to adapt to the digital age.

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35. Answer choices in context:

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A. It is not difficult to understand why a cashstrapped, understaffed publication might feel pressure to cut teams of investigative reporter’s—their work is expensive and timeconsuming.

B. It is not difficult to understand why a cashstrapped, understaffed publication might feel pressure to cut teams of investigative reporters: their work is expensive and timeconsuming.

C. It is not difficult to understand why a cashstrapped, understaffed publication might feel pressure to cut teams of investigative reporters, their work is expensive and timeconsuming.

D. It is not difficult to understand why a cashstrapped, understaffed publication might feel pressure to cut teams of investigative reporter’s; their work is expensive and timeconsuming.

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36. Answer choices in context:

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A. Taking on the public interest, investigative journalism involves original, often longform reporting on such topics as illegal activities, street crime, corporate wrongdoing, and political corruption.

B. Undertaken in the public interest, investigative journalism involves original, often longform reporting on such topics as illegal activities, street crime, corporate wrongdoing, and political corruption.

C. Overtaking the public interest, investigative journalism involves original, often longform reporting on such topics as illegal activities, street crime, corporate wrongdoing, and political corruption.

D. Taking off from the public interest, investigative journalism involves original, often longform reporting on such topics as illegal activities, street crime, corporate wrongdoing, and political corruption.

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37. Answer choices in context:

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A. Taking on the public interest, investigative journalism involves original, often longform reporting on such topics as illegal activities, street crime, corporate wrongdoing, and political corruption.

B. Taking on the public interest, investigative journalism involves original, often longform reporting on such topics as business scandals, street crime, corporate wrongdoing, and political corruption.

C. Taking on the public interest, investigative journalism involves original, often longform reporting on such topics as abuse of government power, street crime, corporate wrongdoing, and political corruption.

D. Taking on the public interest, investigative journalism involves original, often longform reporting on such topics as street crime, corporate wrongdoing, and political corruption.

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38. At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence.

In 1954, Edward R. Murrow and Fred Friendly produced episodes of the C B S television show See It Now that contributed to the end of U S senator Joseph McCarthy’s anticommunist “witch hunts.”

Should the writer make this addition here?

39. Answer choices in context:

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A. In these and other cases, exposure from reporters has served as an important blockade to or scolding of malfeasance.

B. In these and other cases, exposure from reporters has served as an important interference to or condemnation of malfeasance.

C. In these and other cases, exposure from reporters has served as an important drag on or reproof of malfeasance.

D. In these and other cases, exposure from reporters has served as an important deterrent or rebuke to malfeasance.

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40. Which choice most effectively suggests that the “end of investigative journalism” is a real possibility but one that can be prevented?

Answer choices in context:

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A. While worrisome, the decline of traditional print media could not entail the end of investigative journalism.

B. While worrisome, the decline of traditional print media need not entail the end of investigative journalism.

C. While worrisome, the decline of traditional print media will not entail the end of investigative journalism.

D. While worrisome, the decline of traditional print media must not entail the end of investigative journalism.

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41. Which choice most effectively sets up the examples in the following sentences?

Answer choices in context:

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A. Although many newsrooms have reduced their staff, some still employ investigative reporters. Nonprofit enterprises such as the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project have begun to fill the void created by staff losses at newspapers and magazines. Enterprising freelance reporters, newly funded by nonprofits, make extensive use of social media, including blogs and Twitter, to foster a public conversation about key issues. The Help Me Investigate project, for example, solicited readers to submit tips and information related to ongoing stories to its website.

B. Investigative journalism also declined between the nineteen thirties and nineteen fifties, only to be revived in the nineteen sixties. Nonprofit enterprises such as the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project have begun to fill the void created by staff losses at newspapers and magazines. Enterprising freelance reporters, newly funded by nonprofits, make extensive use of social media, including blogs and Twitter, to foster a public conversation about key issues. The Help Me Investigate project, for example, solicited readers to submit tips and information related to ongoing stories to its website.

C. According to the Pew Research Center, more people get their national and international news from the Internet than from newspapers. Nonprofit enterprises such as the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project have begun to fill the void created by staff losses at newspapers and magazines. Enterprising freelance reporters, newly funded by nonprofits, make extensive use of social media, including blogs and Twitter, to foster a public conversation about key issues. The Help Me Investigate project, for example, solicited readers to submit tips and information related to ongoing stories to its website.

D. Indeed, recent years have witnessed innovative adjustments to changing times. Nonprofit enterprises such as the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project have begun to fill the void created by staff losses at newspapers and magazines. Enterprising freelance reporters, newly funded by nonprofits, make extensive use of social media, including blogs and Twitter, to foster a public conversation about key issues. The Help Me Investigate project, for example, solicited readers to submit tips and information related to ongoing stories to its website.

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42. Answer choices in context:

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A. Nonprofit enterprises such as the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project have begun to fill the void created by staff losses at newspapers and magazines.

B. Nonprofit enterprises: such as the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project have begun to fill the void created by staff losses at newspapers and magazines.

C. Nonprofit enterprises such as: the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project have begun to fill the void created by staff losses at newspapers and magazines.

D. Nonprofit enterprises, such as the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project have begun to fill the void created by staff losses at newspapers and magazines.

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43. Answer choices in context:

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A. The Help Me Investigate project, for example, solicited readers to submit tips and information related to ongoing stories to its website.

B. The Help Me Investigate project, therefore, solicited readers to submit tips and information related to ongoing stories to its website.

C. The Help Me Investigate project, however, solicited readers to submit tips and information related to ongoing stories to its website.

D. The Help Me Investigate project, in any case, solicited readers to submit tips and information related to ongoing stories to its website.

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44. Answer choices in context:

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A. Far from marking the end of investigative journalism, cooperation among journalists and ordinary citizens has been facilitated by the advent of the digital age through an increase in the number of potential investigators.

B. Far from marking the end of investigative journalism, the number of potential investigators has increased since the advent of the digital age owing to the facilitation of cooperation among journalists and ordinary citizens.

C. Far from marking the end of investigative journalism, the advent of the digital age has increased the number of potential investigators by facilitating cooperation among journalists and ordinary citizens.

D. Far from marking the end of investigative journalism, by facilitating cooperation among journalists and ordinary citizens the advent of the digital age has increased the number of potential investigators.

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