1. Questions 1 through 11 are based on the following passage.

Whey to Go

Greek yogurt—a strained form of cultured yogurt—has grown enormously in popularity in the United States since it was first introduced in the country in the late 1980s.

From 2011 to 2012 alone, sales of Greek yogurt in the U S increased by 50 percent. The resulting increase in Greek yogurt production has forced those involved in the business to address the detrimental effects that the yogurt-making process may be having on the environment. Fortunately, farmers and others in the Greek yogurt business have found many methods of controlling and eliminating most environmental threats. Given these solutions as well as the many health benefits of the food, the advantages of Greek yogurt [Q1] outdo the potential drawbacks of its production.

The main environmental problem caused by the production of Greek yogurt is the creation of acid whey as a by-product. Because it requires up to four times more milk to make than conventional yogurt does, Greek yogurt produces larger amounts of acid whey, which is difficult to dispose of. To address the problem of disposal, farmers have found a number of uses for acid whey. They can add it to livestock feed as a protein [Q2] supplement, and people can make their own Greek-style yogurt at home by straining regular yogurt. If it is improperly introduced into the environment, acid-whey runoff [Q3] can pollute waterways, depleting the oxygen content of streams and rivers as it decomposes. Yogurt manufacturers, food [Q4] scientists; and government officials are also working together to develop additional solutions for reusing whey. [Q5]

[Q6] Though these conservation methods can be costly and time-consuming, they are well worth the effort. Nutritionists consider Greek yogurt to be a healthy food: it is an excellent source of calcium and protein, serves [Q7] to be a digestive aid, and [Q8] it contains few calories in its unsweetened low- and non-fat forms. Greek yogurt is slightly lower in sugar and carbohydrates than conventional yogurt is. [Q9] Also, because it is more concentrated, Greek yogurt contains slightly more protein per serving, thereby helping people stay [Q10] satiated for longer periods of time. These health benefits have prompted Greek yogurt’s recent surge in popularity. In fact, Greek yogurt can be found in an increasing number of products such as snack food and frozen desserts. Because consumers reap the nutritional benefits of Greek yogurt and support those who make and sell [Q11] it, therefore farmers and businesses should continue finding safe and effective methods of producing the food.

Question 1.

Answer choices in context.

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A. Given these solutions as well as the many health benefits of the food, the advantages of Greek yogurt outdo the potential drawbacks of its production.

B. Given these solutions as well as the many health benefits of the food, the advantages of Greek yogurt defeat the potential drawbacks of its production.

C. Given these solutions as well as the many health benefits of the food, the advantages of Greek yogurt outperform the potential drawbacks of its production.

D. Given these solutions as well as the many health benefits of the food, the advantages of Greek yogurt outweigh the potential drawbacks of its production.

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2. Which choice provides the most relevant detail?

Answer choices in context.

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A. They can add it to livestock feed as a protein supplement, and people can make their own Greek-style yogurt at home by straining regular yogurt.

B. They can add it to livestock feed as a protein supplement and convert it into gas to use as fuel in electricity production.

C. They can add it to livestock feed as a protein supplement, while sweet whey is more desirable as a food additive for humans.

D. They can add it to livestock feed as a protein supplement, which provides an important element of their diet.

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3. Answer choices in context.

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A. If it is improperly introduced into the environment, acid-whey runoff can pollute waterways, depleting the oxygen content of streams and rivers as it decomposes.

B. If it is improperly introduced into the environment, acid-whey runoff can pollute waterway’s, depleting the oxygen content of streams and rivers as it decomposes.

C. If it is improperly introduced into the environment, acid-whey runoff could have polluted waterways, depleting the oxygen content of streams and rivers as it decomposes.

D. If it is improperly introduced into the environment, acid-whey runoff has polluted waterway’s, depleting the oxygen content of streams and rivers as it decomposes.

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4. Answer choices in context.

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A. Yogurt manufacturers, food scientists; and government officials are also working together to develop additional solutions for reusing whey.

B. Yogurt manufacturers, food scientists: and government officials are also working together to develop additional solutions for reusing whey.

C. Yogurt manufacturers, food scientists, and government officials are also working together to develop additional solutions for reusing whey.

D. Yogurt manufacturers, food scientists, and, government officials are also working together to develop additional solutions for reusing whey.

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5. To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 5 should be placed

Answer choices in context.

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A. They can add it to livestock feed as a protein supplement, and people can make their own Greek-style yogurt at home by straining regular yogurt. If it is improperly introduced into the environment, acid-whey runoff can pollute waterways, depleting the oxygen content of streams and rivers as it decomposes. Yogurt manufacturers, food scientists; and government officials are also working together to develop additional solutions for reusing whey.

B. The main environmental problem caused by the production of Greek yogurt is the creation of acid whey as a by-product. If it is improperly introduced into the environment, acid-whey runoff can pollute waterways, depleting the oxygen content of streams and rivers as it decomposes. Because it requires up to four times more milk to make than conventional yogurt does, Greek yogurt produces larger amounts of acid whey, which is difficult to dispose of.

C. Because it requires up to four times more milk to make than conventional yogurt does, Greek yogurt produces larger amounts of acid whey, which is difficult to dispose of. If it is improperly introduced into the environment, acid-whey runoff can pollute waterways, depleting the oxygen content of streams and rivers as it decomposes. To address the problem of disposal, farmers have found a number of uses for acid whey.

D. To address the problem of disposal, farmers have found a number of uses for acid whey. If it is improperly introduced into the environment, acid-whey runoff can pollute waterways, depleting the oxygen content of streams and rivers as it decomposes. They can add it to livestock feed as a protein supplement, and people can make their own Greek-style yogurt at home by straining regular yogurt.

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6. The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence (reproduced below for your reference). Should the writer do this?

Though these conservation methods can be costly and time-consuming, they are well worth the effort.

7. Answer choices in context.

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A. Nutritionists consider Greek yogurt to be a healthy food: it is an excellent source of calcium and protein, serves to be a digestive aid, and it contains few calories in its unsweetened low- and non-fat forms.

B. Nutritionists consider Greek yogurt to be a healthy food: it is an excellent source of calcium and protein, serves as a digestive aid, and it contains few calories in its unsweetened low- and non-fat forms.

C. Nutritionists consider Greek yogurt to be a healthy food: it is an excellent source of calcium and protein, serves like a digestive aid, and it contains few calories in its unsweetened low- and non-fat forms.

D. Nutritionists consider Greek yogurt to be a healthy food: it is an excellent source of calcium and protein, serves for a digestive aid, and it contains few calories in its unsweetened low- and non-fat forms.

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8. Answer choices in context.

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A. Nutritionists consider Greek yogurt to be a healthy food: it is an excellent source of calcium and protein, serves to be a digestive aid, and it contains few calories in its unsweetened low- and non-fat forms.

B. Nutritionists consider Greek yogurt to be a healthy food: it is an excellent source of calcium and protein, serves to be a digestive aid, and containing few calories in its unsweetened low- and non-fat forms.

C. Nutritionists consider Greek yogurt to be a healthy food: it is an excellent source of calcium and protein, serves to be a digestive aid, and contains few calories in its unsweetened low- and non-fat forms.

D. Nutritionists consider Greek yogurt to be a healthy food: it is an excellent source of calcium and protein, serves to be a digestive aid, and will contain few calories in its unsweetened low- and non-fat forms.

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9. Answer choices in context.

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A. Also, because it is more concentrated, Greek yogurt contains slightly more protein per serving, thereby helping people stay satiated for longer periods of time.

B. In other words, because it is more concentrated, Greek yogurt contains slightly more protein per serving, thereby helping people stay satiated for longer periods of time.

C. Therefore, because it is more concentrated, Greek yogurt contains slightly more protein per serving, thereby helping people stay satiated for longer periods of time.

D. For instance, because it is more concentrated, Greek yogurt contains slightly more protein per serving, thereby helping people stay satiated for longer periods of time.

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10. Answer choices in context.

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A. Also, because it is more concentrated, Greek yogurt contains slightly more protein per serving, thereby helping people stay satiated for longer periods of time.

B. Also, because it is more concentrated, Greek yogurt contains slightly more protein per serving, thereby helping people stay fulfilled for longer periods of time.

C. Also, because it is more concentrated, Greek yogurt contains slightly more protein per serving, thereby helping people stay complacent for longer periods of time.

D. Also, because it is more concentrated, Greek yogurt contains slightly more protein per serving, thereby helping people stay sufficient for longer periods of time.

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11. Answer choices in context.

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A. Because consumers reap the nutritional benefits of Greek yogurt and support those who make and sell it, therefore farmers and businesses should continue finding safe and effective methods of producing the food.

B. Because consumers reap the nutritional benefits of Greek yogurt and support those who make and sell it, farmers and businesses should continue finding safe and effective methods of producing the food.

C. Because consumers reap the nutritional benefits of Greek yogurt and support those who make and sell it, so farmers and businesses should continue finding safe and effective methods of producing the food.

D. Because consumers reap the nutritional benefits of Greek yogurt and support those who make and sell it: farmers and businesses should continue finding safe and effective methods of producing the food.

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12. Questions 12 through 22 are based on the following passage and supplementary material.

Dark Snow

Most of Greenland’s interior is covered by a thick layer of ice and compressed snow known as the Greenland Ice Sheet. The size of the ice sheet fluctuates seasonally: in summer, average daily high temperatures in Greenland can rise to slightly above 50 degrees Fahrenheit, partially melting the ice; in the winter, the sheet thickens as additional snow falls, and average daily low temperatures can drop [Q12] to as low as 20 degrees.

Typically, the ice sheet begins to show evidence of thawing in late [Q13] summer. This follows several weeks of higher temperatures. [Q14] For example, in the summer of 2012, virtually the entire Greenland Ice Sheet underwent thawing at or near its surface by mid-July, the earliest date on record. Most scientists looking for the causes of the Great Melt of 2012 have focused exclusively on rising temperatures. The summer of 2012 was the warmest in 170 years, records show. But Jason [Q15] Box, an associate professor of geology at Ohio State believes that another factor added to the early [Q16] thaw; the “dark snow” problem.

According to Box, a leading Greenland expert, tundra fires in 2012 from as far away as North America produced great amounts of soot, some [Q17] of it drifted over Greenland in giant plumes of smoke and then [Q18] fell as particles onto the ice sheet. Scientists have long known that soot particles facilitate melting by darkening snow and ice, limiting [Q19] it’s ability to reflect the Sun’s rays. As Box explains, “Soot is an extremely powerful light absorber. It settles over the ice and captures the Sun’s heat.” The result is a self-reinforcing cycle. As the ice melts, the land and water under the ice become exposed, and since land and water are darker than snow, the surface absorbs even more heat, which [Q20] is related to the rising temperatures.

Box’s research is important because the fires of 2012 may not be a one-time phenomenon. According to scientists, rising Arctic temperatures are making northern latitudes greener and thus more fire prone. The pattern Box observed in 2012 may repeat [Q21] itself again, with harmful effects on the Arctic ecosystem. Box is currently organizing an expedition to gather this crucial information. The next step for Box and his team is to travel to Greenland to perform direct sampling of the ice in order to determine just how much the soot is contributing to the melting of the ice sheet. Members of the public will be able to track his team’s progress—and even help fund the expedition—through a website Box has created. [Q22]

Adapted from W M O. Copyright 2014 by World Meteorological Organization.

Begin skippable figure description.

The figure presents a graph of two curves titled “Average Daily High and Low Temperatures Recorded at Nuuk Weather Station, Greenland, 1961 through 1990.” The vertical axis is labeled “Temperature,” in degrees Fahrenheit, and numbers 0 to 60 in increments of 10, appear along the vertical axis. The 12 months, January to December, appear along the horizontal axis, and there are 12 vertical gridlines, together with the vertical axis, dividing the horizontal axis into 12 intervals of equal length, each denoting the period of a month. In the figure, two curves appear one above another, and as indicated in the key the top curve is a dashed line and represents the average daily high temperature. The bottom curve is a solid line and represents the average daily low temperature. According to the graph, both curves move downward and upward from January through December in a similar pattern.

The top curve, representing the average daily high temperature, starts on the vertical axis at about 23 degrees, moves downward gently, crossing January, February, and March, and reaches a low point labeled 20 degrees for March 5. Then it goes up more steeply, passing the point labeled 45 degrees for June 10, and continues to go up until it reaches a peak point of about 50 degrees at the end of July. The curve starts going downward, moving through August and passing the point labeled 45 degrees for September 8, and continues to move downward, crossing October, November, and December. It passes through the point labeled 26 degrees for December 13 and continues to go down, ending on the right most vertical gridline at about 23 degrees at the end of December.

Similarly, the bottom curve, representing the average daily low temperature, starts on the vertical axis at about 17 degrees, moves downward gently, crossing January, February, and March, and reaches a low point labeled 12 degrees for March 5. Then it goes up more steeply, passing the point labeled 35 degrees for June 10, and continues to go up until it reaches a peak point of about 41 degrees at the end of July. The curve starts going downward, moving through August and passing the point labeled 38 degrees for September 8, and continues to move downward, crossing October, November, and December. It passes through the point labeled 19 degrees for December 13 and continues to go down, ending on the right most vertical gridline at about 17 degrees at the end of December.

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Question 12.

Which choice most accurately and effectively represents the information in the graph?

Answer choices in context.

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A. The size of the ice sheet fluctuates seasonally: in summer, average daily high temperatures in Greenland can rise to slightly above 50 degrees Fahrenheit, partially melting the ice; in the winter, the sheet thickens as additional snow falls, and average daily low temperatures can drop to as low as 20 degrees.

B. The size of the ice sheet fluctuates seasonally: in summer, average daily high temperatures in Greenland can rise to slightly above 50 degrees Fahrenheit, partially melting the ice; in the winter, the sheet thickens as additional snow falls, and average daily low temperatures can drop to 12 degrees Fahrenheit.

C. The size of the ice sheet fluctuates seasonally: in summer, average daily high temperatures in Greenland can rise to slightly above 50 degrees Fahrenheit, partially melting the ice; in the winter, the sheet thickens as additional snow falls, and average daily low temperatures can drop to their lowest point on December 13.

D. The size of the ice sheet fluctuates seasonally: in summer, average daily high temperatures in Greenland can rise to slightly above 50 degrees Fahrenheit, partially melting the ice; in the winter, the sheet thickens as additional snow falls, and average daily low temperatures can drop to 10 degrees Fahrenheit and stay there for months.

13. Which choice most effectively combines the two sentences at the underlined portion?

Answer choices in context.

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A. Typically, the ice sheet begins to show evidence of thawing in late summer, following several weeks of higher temperatures.

B. Typically, the ice sheet begins to show evidence of thawing in late summer, and this thawing follows several weeks of higher temperatures.

C. Typically, the ice sheet begins to show evidence of thawing in late summer, and such thawing follows several weeks of higher temperatures.

D. Typically, the ice sheet begins to show evidence of thawing in late summer and this evidence follows several weeks of higher temperatures.

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14. Answer choices in context.

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A. For example, in the summer of 2012, virtually the entire Greenland Ice Sheet underwent thawing at or near its surface by mid-July, the earliest date on record.

B. However, in the summer of 2012, virtually the entire Greenland Ice Sheet underwent thawing at or near its surface by mid-July, the earliest date on record.

C. As such, in the summer of 2012, virtually the entire Greenland Ice Sheet underwent thawing at or near its surface by mid-July, the earliest date on record.

D. Moreover, in the summer of 2012, virtually the entire Greenland Ice Sheet underwent thawing at or near its surface by mid-July, the earliest date on record.

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15. Answer choices in context.

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A. But Jason Box, an associate professor of geology at Ohio State believes that another factor added to the early thaw; the “dark snow” problem.

B. But Jason Box an associate professor of geology at Ohio State, believes that another factor added to the early thaw; the “dark snow” problem.

C. But Jason Box, an associate professor of geology at Ohio State, believes that another factor added to the early thaw; the “dark snow” problem.

D. But Jason Box, an associate professor of geology, at Ohio State believes that another factor added to the early thaw; the “dark snow” problem.

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16. Answer choices in context.

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A. But Jason Box, an associate professor of geology at Ohio State believes that another factor added to the early thaw; the “dark snow” problem.

B. But Jason Box, an associate professor of geology at Ohio State believes that another factor added to the early thaw; and it was the “dark snow” problem.

C. But Jason Box, an associate professor of geology at Ohio State believes that another factor added to the early thaw: the “dark snow” problem.

D. But Jason Box, an associate professor of geology at Ohio State believes that another factor added to the early thaw: being the “dark snow” problem.

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17. Answer choices in context.

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A. According to Box, a leading Greenland expert, tundra fires in 2012 from as far away as North America produced great amounts of soot, some of it drifted over Greenland in giant plumes of smoke and then fell as particles onto the ice sheet.

B. According to Box, a leading Greenland expert, tundra fires in 2012 from as far away as North America produced great amounts of soot, some soot drifted over Greenland in giant plumes of smoke and then fell as particles onto the ice sheet.

C. According to Box, a leading Greenland expert, tundra fires in 2012 from as far away as North America produced great amounts of soot, some of which drifted over Greenland in giant plumes of smoke and then fell as particles onto the ice sheet.

D. According to Box, a leading Greenland expert, tundra fires in 2012 from as far away as North America produced great amounts of soot, some drifted over Greenland in giant plumes of smoke and then fell as particles onto the ice sheet.

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18. Answer choices in context.

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A. According to Box, a leading Greenland expert, tundra fires in 2012 from as far away as North America produced great amounts of soot, some of it drifted over Greenland in giant plumes of smoke and then fell as particles onto the ice sheet.

B. According to Box, a leading Greenland expert, tundra fires in 2012 from as far away as North America produced great amounts of soot, some of it drifted over Greenland in giant plumes of smoke and then falls as particles onto the ice sheet.

C. According to Box, a leading Greenland expert, tundra fires in 2012 from as far away as North America produced great amounts of soot, some of it drifted over Greenland in giant plumes of smoke and then will fall as particles onto the ice sheet.

D. According to Box, a leading Greenland expert, tundra fires in 2012 from as far away as North America produced great amounts of soot, some of it drifted over Greenland in giant plumes of smoke and then had fallen as particles onto the ice sheet.

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19. Answer choices in context.

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A. Scientists have long known that soot particles facilitate melting by darkening snow and ice, limiting it’s ability to reflect the Sun’s rays.

B. Scientists have long known that soot particles facilitate melting by darkening snow and ice, limiting its ability to reflect the Sun’s rays.

C. Scientists have long known that soot particles facilitate melting by darkening snow and ice, limiting there ability to reflect the Sun’s rays.

D. Scientists have long known that soot particles facilitate melting by darkening snow and ice, limiting their ability to reflect the Sun’s rays.

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20. Which choice best completes the description of a self-reinforcing cycle?

Answer choices in context.

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A. As the ice melts, the land and water under the ice become exposed, and since land and water are darker than snow, the surface absorbs even more heat, which is related to the rising temperatures.

B. As the ice melts, the land and water under the ice become exposed, and since land and water are darker than snow, the surface absorbs even more heat, which raises the surface temperature.

C. As the ice melts, the land and water under the ice become exposed, and since land and water are darker than snow, the surface absorbs even more heat, which begins to cool at a certain point.

D. As the ice melts, the land and water under the ice become exposed, and since land and water are darker than snow, the surface absorbs even more heat, which leads to additional melting.

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21. Answer choices in context.

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A. The pattern Box observed in 2012 may repeat itself again, with harmful effects on the Arctic ecosystem.

B. The pattern Box observed in 2012 may repeat itself, with harmful effects on the Arctic ecosystem.

C. The pattern Box observed in 2012 may repeat itself, with damage and with harmful effects on the Arctic ecosystem.

D. The pattern Box observed in 2012 may repeat itself possibly, with harmful effects on the Arctic ecosystem.

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22. To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 4 should be placed

Answer choices in context.

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A. The pattern Box observed in 2012 may repeat itself again, with harmful effects on the Arctic ecosystem. Box is currently organizing an expedition to gather this crucial information. The next step for Box and his team is to travel to Greenland to perform direct sampling of the ice in order to determine just how much the soot is contributing to the melting of the ice sheet.

B. Box’s research is important because the fires of 2012 may not be a one-time phenomenon. Box is currently organizing an expedition to gather this crucial information. According to scientists, rising Arctic temperatures are making northern latitudes greener and thus more fire prone.

C. According to scientists, rising Arctic temperatures are making northern latitudes greener and thus more fire prone. Box is currently organizing an expedition to gather this crucial information. The pattern Box observed in 2012 may repeat itself again, with harmful effects on the Arctic ecosystem.

D. The next step for Box and his team is to travel to Greenland to perform direct sampling of the ice in order to determine just how much the soot is contributing to the melting of the ice sheet. Box is currently organizing an expedition to gather this crucial information. Members of the public will be able to track his team’s progress—and even help fund the expedition—through a website Box has created.

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23. Questions 23 through 33 are based on the following passage.

Coworking: A Creative Solution

When I left my office job as a website developer at a small company for a position that allowed me to work full-time from home, I thought I had it made: I gleefully traded in my suits and dress shoes for sweatpants and slippers, my frantic early-morning bagged lunch packing for a leisurely midday trip to my refrigerator. The novelty of this comfortable work-from-home life, however, [Q23] soon got worn off quickly. Within a month, I found myself feeling isolated despite having frequent email and instant messaging contact with my colleagues. Having become frustrated trying to solve difficult problems, [Q24] no colleagues were nearby to share ideas. It was during this time that I read an article [Q25] into coworking spaces.

The article, published by Forbes magazine, explained that coworking spaces are designated locations that, for a fee, individuals can use to conduct their work. The spaces are usually stocked with standard office [Q26] equipment, such as photocopiers, printers, and fax machines. [Q27] In these locations, however, the spaces often include small meeting areas and larger rooms for hosting presentations. [Q28] The cost of launching a new coworking business in the United States is estimated to be approximately $58,000.

What most caught my interest, though, was a quotation from someone who described coworking spaces as “melting pots of creativity.” The article refers to a 2012 survey in which [Q29] 64 percent of respondents noted that coworking spaces prevented them from completing tasks in a given time. The article goes on to suggest that the most valuable resources provided by coworking spaces are actually the people [Q30] whom use them.

Thus, even though I already had all the equipment I needed in my home office, I decided to try using a coworking space in my city. Because I was specifically interested in coworking’s reported benefits related to creativity, I chose a facility that offered a bright, open work area where I wouldn’t be isolated. Throughout the morning, more people appeared. Periods of quiet, during which everyone worked independently, were broken up occasionally with lively conversation. [Q31]

I liked the experience so much that I now go to the coworking space a few times a week. Over time, I’ve gotten to know several of my coworking [Q32] colleagues: another website developer, a graphic designer, a freelance writer, and several mobile app coders. Even those of us who work in disparate fields are able to [Q33] share advice and help each other brainstorm. In fact, it’s the diversity of their talents and experiences that makes my coworking colleagues so valuable.

Question 23.

Answer choices in context.

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A. The novelty of this comfortable work-from-home life, however, soon got worn off quickly.

B. The novelty of this comfortable work-from-home life, however, was promptly worn off quickly.

C. The novelty of this comfortable work-from-home life, however, promptly wore off quickly.

D. The novelty of this comfortable work-from-home life, however, wore off quickly.

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24. Answer choices in context.

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A. Having become frustrated trying to solve difficult problems, no colleagues were nearby to share ideas.

B. Having become frustrated trying to solve difficult problems, colleagues were important for sharing ideas.

C. Having become frustrated trying to solve difficult problems, ideas couldn’t be shared with colleagues.

D. Having become frustrated trying to solve difficult problems, I missed having colleagues nearby to consult.

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25. Answer choices in context.

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A. It was during this time that I read an article into coworking spaces.

B. It was during this time that I read an article about coworking spaces.

C. It was during this time that I read an article upon coworking spaces.

D. It was during this time that I read an article for coworking spaces.

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26. Answer choices in context.

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A. The spaces are usually stocked with standard office equipment, such as photocopiers, printers, and fax machines.

B. The spaces are usually stocked with standard office equipment, such as: photocopiers, printers, and fax machines.

C. The spaces are usually stocked with standard office equipment such as: photocopiers, printers, and fax machines.

D. The spaces are usually stocked with standard office equipment, such as, photocopiers, printers, and fax machines.

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27. Answer choices in context.

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A. In these locations, however, the spaces often include small meeting areas and larger rooms for hosting presentations.

B. In addition to equipment, the spaces often include small meeting areas and larger rooms for hosting presentations.

C. For these reasons, the spaces often include small meeting areas and larger rooms for hosting presentations.

D. Likewise, the spaces often include small meeting areas and larger rooms for hosting presentations.

End skippable content.

28. The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence (reproduced below for your reference). Should the sentence be kept or deleted?

The cost of launching a new coworking business in the United States is estimated to be approximately $58,000.

29. Question 29 is based on the following information and graph.

At this point, the writer wants to add specific information that supports the main topic of the paragraph.

Adapted from “The 3rd Global Coworking Survey.” Copyright 2013 by Deskmag.

Begin skippable figure description.

The figure presents a bar graph titled “Perceived Effect of Coworking on Business Skills.” From top to bottom, there are 5 categories: ideas relating to business, creativity, ability to focus, completing tasks in a given time, and standard of work. For each category there are two horizontal bars, one on top of another, each bar representing a percentage. As indicated in the key, the top bar of dark shading represents positive impact, and the bottom bar of light grey shading represents negative impact. The percentages of positive and negative impact for each category are as follows:

For ideas relating to business: positive impact, 74 percent; negative impact, 2 percent.

For creativity: positive impact, 71 percent; negative impact, 3 percent.

For ability to focus: positive impact, 68 percent; negative impact, 12 percent.

For completing tasks in a given time: positive impact, 64 percent; negative impact, 8 percent.

For standard of work: positive impact, 62 percent; negative impact, 3 percent.

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Question 29.

Which choice most effectively completes the sentence with relevant and accurate information based on the preceding graph?

30. Answer choices in context.

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A. The article goes on to suggest that the most valuable resources provided by coworking spaces are actually the people whom use them.

B. The article goes on to suggest that the most valuable resources provided by coworking spaces are actually the people whom uses them.

C. The article goes on to suggest that the most valuable resources provided by coworking spaces are actually the people who uses them.

D. The article goes on to suggest that the most valuable resources provided by coworking spaces are actually the people who use them.

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31. The writer wants to add the following sentence to the paragraph.

After filling out a simple registration form and taking a quick tour of the facility, I took a seat at a table and got right to work on my laptop.

The best placement for the sentence is immediately

Answer choices in context.

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A. After filling out a simple registration form and taking a quick tour of the facility, I took a seat at a table and got right to work on my laptop. Thus, even though I already had all the equipment I needed in my home office, I decided to try using a coworking space in my city.

B. Thus, even though I already had all the equipment I needed in my home office, I decided to try using a coworking space in my city. After filling out a simple registration form and taking a quick tour of the facility, I took a seat at a table and got right to work on my laptop. Because I was specifically interested in coworking’s reported benefits related to creativity, I chose a facility that offered a bright, open work area where I wouldn’t be isolated.

C. Because I was specifically interested in coworking’s reported benefits related to creativity, I chose a facility that offered a bright, open work area where I wouldn’t be isolated. After filling out a simple registration form and taking a quick tour of the facility, I took a seat at a table and got right to work on my laptop. Throughout the morning, more people appeared.

D. Throughout the morning, more people appeared. After filling out a simple registration form and taking a quick tour of the facility, I took a seat at a table and got right to work on my laptop. Periods of quiet, during which everyone worked independently, were broken up occasionally with lively conversation.

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32. Answer choices in context.

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A. Over time, I’ve gotten to know several of my coworking colleagues: another website developer, a graphic designer, a freelance writer, and several mobile app coders.

B. Over time, I’ve gotten to know several of my coworking colleagues; another website developer, a graphic designer, a freelance writer, and several mobile app coders.

C. Over time, I’ve gotten to know several of my coworking colleagues, another website developer, a graphic designer, a freelance writer, and several mobile app coders.

D. Over time, I’ve gotten to know several of my coworking colleagues another website developer, a graphic designer, a freelance writer, and several mobile app coders.

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33. Answer choices in context.

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A. Even those of us who work in disparate fields are able to share advice and help each other brainstorm.

B. Even those of us who work in disparate fields are able to give some wisdom and help each other brainstorm.

C. Even those of us who work in disparate fields are able to proclaim our opinions and help each other brainstorm.

D. Even those of us who work in disparate fields are able to opine and help each other brainstorm.

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34. Questions 34 through 44 are based on the following passage.

The Consolations of Philosophy

Long viewed by many as the stereotypical useless major, philosophy is now being seen by many students and prospective employers as in fact a very useful and practical major, offering students a host of transferable skills with relevance to the modern workplace. [Q34] In broad terms, philosophy is the study of meaning and the values underlying thought and behavior. But [Q35] more pragmatically, the discipline encourages students to analyze complex material, question conventional beliefs, and express thoughts in a concise manner.

Because philosophy [Q36] teaching students not what to think but how to think, the age-old discipline offers consistently useful tools for academic and professional achievement. [Q37] A 1994 survey concluded that only 18 percent of American colleges required at least one philosophy course. [Q38] Therefore, between 1992 and 1996, more than 400 independent philosophy departments were eliminated from institutions.

More recently, colleges have recognized the practicality and increasing popularity of studying philosophy and have markedly increased the number of philosophy programs offered. By 2008 there were 817 programs, up from 765 a decade before. In addition, the number of four-year graduates in philosophy has grown 46 percent in a decade. Also, studies have found that those students who major in philosophy often do better than students from other majors in both verbal reasoning and analytical [Q39] writing. These results can be measured by standardized test scores. On the Graduate Record Examination (G R E), for example, students intending to study philosophy in graduate school [Q40] has scored higher than students in all but four other majors.

These days, many [Q41] student’s majoring in philosophy have no intention of becoming philosophers; instead they plan to apply those skills to other disciplines. Law and business specifically benefit from the complicated theoretical issues raised in the study of philosophy, but philosophy can be just as useful in engineering or any field requiring complex analytic skills. [Q42] That these skills are transferable across professions [Q43] which makes them especially beneficial to twenty-first-century students. Because today’s students can expect to hold multiple jobs—some of which may not even exist yet—during [Q44] our lifetime, studying philosophy allows them to be flexible and adaptable. High demand, advanced exam scores, and varied professional skills all argue for maintaining and enhancing philosophy courses and majors within academic institutions.

Question 34.

Answer choices in context.

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A. In broad terms, philosophy is the study of meaning and the values underlying thought and behavior.

B. For example, philosophy is the study of meaning and the values underlying thought and behavior.

C. In contrast, philosophy is the study of meaning and the values underlying thought and behavior.

D. Nevertheless, philosophy is the study of meaning and the values underlying thought and behavior.

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35. Answer choices in context.

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A. But more pragmatically, the discipline encourages students to analyze complex material, question conventional beliefs, and express thoughts in a concise manner.

B. But speaking in a more pragmatic way, the discipline encourages students to analyze complex material, question conventional beliefs, and express thoughts in a concise manner.

C. But speaking in a way more pragmatically, the discipline encourages students to analyze complex material, question conventional beliefs, and express thoughts in a concise manner.

D. But in a more pragmatic-speaking way, the discipline encourages students to analyze complex material, question conventional beliefs, and express thoughts in a concise manner.

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36. Answer choices in context.

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A. Because philosophy teaching students not what to think but how to think, the age-old discipline offers consistently useful tools for academic and professional achievement.

B. Because philosophy teaches students not what to think but how to think, the age-old discipline offers consistently useful tools for academic and professional achievement.

C. Because philosophy to teach students not what to think but how to think, the age-old discipline offers consistently useful tools for academic and professional achievement.

D. Because philosophy and teaching students not what to think but how to think, the age-old discipline offers consistently useful tools for academic and professional achievement.

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37. Which choice most effectively sets up the information that follows?

Answer choices in context.

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A. Consequently, philosophy students have been receiving an increasing number of job offers. A 1994 survey concluded that only 18 percent of American colleges required at least one philosophy course.

B. Therefore, because of the evidence, colleges increased their offerings in philosophy. A 1994 survey concluded that only 18 percent of American colleges required at least one philosophy course.

C. Notwithstanding the attractiveness of this course of study, students have resisted majoring in philosophy. A 1994 survey concluded that only 18 percent of American colleges required at least one philosophy course.

D. However, despite its many utilitarian benefits, colleges have not always supported the study of philosophy. A 1994 survey concluded that only 18 percent of American colleges required at least one philosophy course.

38. Answer choices in context.

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A. Therefore, between 1992 and 1996, more than 400 independent philosophy departments were eliminated from institutions.

B. Thus, between 1992 and 1996, more than 400 independent philosophy departments were eliminated from institutions.

C. Moreover, between 1992 and 1996, more than 400 independent philosophy departments were eliminated from institutions.

D. However, between 1992 and 1996, more than 400 independent philosophy departments were eliminated from institutions.

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39. Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion?

Answer choices in context.

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A. Also, studies have found that those students who major in philosophy often do better than students from other majors in both verbal reasoning and analytical writing as measured by standardized test scores.

B. Also, studies have found that those students who major in philosophy often do better than students from other majors in both verbal reasoning and analytical writing, and these results can be measured by standardized test scores.

C. Also, studies have found that those students who major in philosophy often do better than students from other majors in both verbal reasoning and analytical writing, which can also be measured by standardized test scores.

D. Also, studies have found that those students who major in philosophy often do better than students from other majors in both verbal reasoning and analytical writing when the results are measured by standardized test scores.

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40. Answer choices in context.

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A. On the Graduate Record Examination (G R E), for example, students intending to study philosophy in graduate school has scored higher than students in all but four other majors.

B. On the Graduate Record Examination (G R E), for example, students intending to study philosophy in graduate school have scored higher than students in all but four other majors.

C. On the Graduate Record Examination (G R E), for example, students intending to study philosophy in graduate school scores higher than students in all but four other majors.

D. On the Graduate Record Examination (G R E), for example, students intending to study philosophy in graduate school scoring higher than students in all but four other majors.

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41. Answer choices in context.

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A. These days, many student’s majoring in philosophy have no intention of becoming philosophers; instead they plan to apply those skills to other disciplines.

B. These days, many students majoring in philosophy have no intention of becoming philosophers; instead they plan to apply those skills to other disciplines.

C. These days, many students major in philosophy have no intention of becoming philosophers; instead they plan to apply those skills to other disciplines.

D. These days, many student’s majors in philosophy have no intention of becoming philosophers; instead they plan to apply those skills to other disciplines.

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42. At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence.

The ancient Greek philosopher Plato, for example, wrote many of his works in the form of dialogues.

Should the writer make this addition here?

43. Answer choices in context.

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A. That these skills are transferable across professions which makes them especially beneficial to twenty-first-century students.

B. That these skills are transferable across professions that makes them especially beneficial to twenty-first-century students.

C. That these skills are transferable across professions and makes them especially beneficial to twenty-first-century students.

D. That these skills are transferable across professions makes them especially beneficial to twenty-first-century students.

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44. Answer choices in context.

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A. Because today’s students can expect to hold multiple jobs—some of which may not even exist yet—during our lifetime, studying philosophy allows them to be flexible and adaptable.

B. Because today’s students can expect to hold multiple jobs—some of which may not even exist yet—during one’s lifetime, studying philosophy allows them to be flexible and adaptable.

C. Because today’s students can expect to hold multiple jobs—some of which may not even exist yet—during his or her lifetime, studying philosophy allows them to be flexible and adaptable.

D. Because today’s students can expect to hold multiple jobs—some of which may not even exist yet—during their lifetime, studying philosophy allows them to be flexible and adaptable.

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